Cell Cycle and Heredity
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| cell cycle | the life cycle of a cell; in eukaryotes it consists of chromosome duplication, mitosis, and cytokinesis
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| chromosome | a coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division
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| binary fission | the simple cell division in which one cell splits into two; used by bacteria
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| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes with matching information
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| chromatids | identical chromosome copies
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| centromere | the region that holds chromotids together when a chromosome is duplicated
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| mitosis | nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes
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| cytokinesis | the process in which cytoplasm divides after mitosis
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| heredity | the passing of traits from parent to offspring
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| dominant trait | the trait observed when at lease one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited
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| recessive trait | a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited
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| genes | segments of DNA that carry hereditary instructions and are passed from parent to offspring; located on chromosomes
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| genotype | the inherited combination of alleles
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| phenotype | an organism's inherited appearance
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| probability | the mathematical chance that an event will occur
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| sex cells | an egg or sperm; a sex cell carries half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells
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| meiosis | cell division that produces sex cells
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| sex chromosomes | the chromosomes that carry genes that determine the sex or gender of the offspring
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| punnett square | used to visualize all the possible combinations of alleles from the parents
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| alleles | different forms of a single gene
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| eukaryotic cell | a cell that contains a central nucleus and a complicated internal structure
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| prokaryotic cell | a cell that does not have a nucleus or any other membrane-covered organelles; also called a bacterium
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| Gregor Mendel | studied the way traits are passed from parents to offspring using pea plants
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| self-pollinating plant | contains both the male and female reproductive structures
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| true breeding plant | a plant that always produces offspring with the same traits as the parents; self pollinates
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| cross-pollination | the crossing of two different forms of a single trait
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; hereditary material that controls all the activities of a cell, contains the information to make new cells, and provides instructions for making proteins
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| number of chromosomes in a human sex cell | 23
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