Microbiology 14
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| What word means "protection from disease" | Immunity
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| Which immunity is a non-specific response to injury and infection? | Innate Immunity
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| Give examples of innate immunity: | Skin, mucus membranes, phagocytosis.
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| Which immunity is specific to antigen on a pathogen? It involves antibody production and memory. | Adaptive Immunity
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| How is adaptive immunity acquired? | Exposure to pathogen.
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| What is a disease causing agent? | Pathogen
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| Fluid portion of the blood - an aqueous solution of minerals, salts, proteins and other organic substances. | Serum
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| Fluid portion of the blood that contains clotting agents (such as fibrinogen and prothrombin) | Plasma
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| Where do cells arise from? | Stem cells in bone marrow.
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| What are leukocytes? | White blood cells.
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| Which leukocytes are involved in innate immunity? (6) | Basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages and Natural killer cells (NK).
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| Which leukocytes are involved in adaptive immunity? (4) | Lymphocytes B and T, monocytes, and macrophages.
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| What is the fluid contained within the lymphatic system? | Lymph (meaning water)
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| What are 4 aspects of lymph? | 1. Formed from interstitial/tissue fluid.
2. Plasma filtered into interstitium.
3. Not all filtered fluid is absorbed back into blood.
4. Excess filtered fluid is picked up by lymphatic vessels.
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| What does the primary lymphoid tissues consist of? | Bone marrow and Thymus (lies behind the breast bone)
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| What happens in the primary lymphoid tissues? | T and B lymphocytes form/mature.
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| What is the 3-step response initiated by the immune system in response to a pathogen? | 1. Recognition phase (distinguish between normal/host and foreign).
2. Activation Phase (Immune cells mobilized to fight invader).
3. Effector phase (mobilized cells attempt to eliminate foreign cells/particles).
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| What is a PAMP? | Pathogen-associated molecular pattern.
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| Where are PAMPs present? | Present on foreign but not host (self) cells.
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| PAMPs include molecular structures such as ________________ and ______________. | LPS (on gram negative cell walls) and peptidoglycan (on gram positive cell walls).
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| PAMPs are recognized by what? | Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
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| Give an example of a pattern recognition receptor: | Toll-like receptors (TLR) on macrophges and neutrophils.
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| What happens when the PAMP binds to TLRs? | When binding occurs, it triggers innate immune response - (phagocytosis and inflammation) and several antimicrobial chemicals are released, such as defensins, complement and interferon. These attack foreign invader.
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| Is phagocytosis a specific or non-specific defense mechanism? | Non-specific defense mechanism.
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| Explain phagocytosis. | Eating foreign particles and cells by macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Occurs in infection sites as well as lymphoid tissue.
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| Which cells can act as phagocytes? | Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells.
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| What is an immediate and nonspecific response to injury and infection? | Inflammation
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| In inflammation, tissue macrophages initiate ________________ and secrete ________________. | Phagocytes; cytokines
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| What is a cytokine? | Chemical secreted by immune cells and involved in immune response.
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| What is an example of a cytokine in inflammation? | Histamine
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| What do histamines cause (2 things). | Vasodilation and thus increased blood flow. Capillary leakiness and thus adema.
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| What are fever producing agents that include cytokines secreted by macrophages during phagocytosis? | Pyrogens
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| What does a fever do to the body? | Elevates temperature set point in the hypothalamus.
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| Is a moderate fever beneficial to host or harmful to host? | Moderate fever can be beneficial at the expense of a pathogen.
High fevers can be dangerous.
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| What do natural killer cells do? | Recognize and kill foreign cells.
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| How do natural killer cells work? | They contain receptors that bind to proteins on other cells. If the cell does not contain MCH-I, the NK cell recognizes it as foreign and secretes chemicals to destroy the cell. These include perforins that puncture the membrane.
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| What are the cytolytic mediators of natural killer cells? What do they do? | Perforins and Granzymes - they puncture foreign cell membrane and cell dies.
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| What do normal (self) cells have that tumor and foreign cells do not have? | MHC-I.
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| What does the complement system consist of (inactivated)? | Inactive proteins produced in the liver and circulate in the body fluid.
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| How is the complement system activated? | It is activated in response to infection.
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| What does the complement system do when activated? | Enhances phagocytosis and inflammation. C3 Convertase splits C3 into C3a and C3b which destroy pathogens - punch holes in membrane and cause water to rush in and destroy bacteria.
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| What are cytokines produced by host cells infected with viruses? | Interferons.
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| What is the function of interferons? | Alert surrounding cells of infection.
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| What are synthetic interferons (IFN) used to treat? | Hepatitis B and C, and genital warts (all caused by viruses)
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| How does interferons work? | They are produced by infected cell and go to neighboring cell to prevent neighboring cells from becoming infected. They stimulate synthesis of AVP in neighbor cells (anti-viral proteins) which inhibit protein synthesis.
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