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Innate Immunity
Microbiology 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What word means "protection from disease" | Immunity |
| Which immunity is a non-specific response to injury and infection? | Innate Immunity |
| Give examples of innate immunity: | Skin, mucus membranes, phagocytosis. |
| Which immunity is specific to antigen on a pathogen? It involves antibody production and memory. | Adaptive Immunity |
| How is adaptive immunity acquired? | Exposure to pathogen. |
| What is a disease causing agent? | Pathogen |
| Fluid portion of the blood - an aqueous solution of minerals, salts, proteins and other organic substances. | Serum |
| Fluid portion of the blood that contains clotting agents (such as fibrinogen and prothrombin) | Plasma |
| Where do cells arise from? | Stem cells in bone marrow. |
| What are leukocytes? | White blood cells. |
| Which leukocytes are involved in innate immunity? (6) | Basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages and Natural killer cells (NK). |
| Which leukocytes are involved in adaptive immunity? (4) | Lymphocytes B and T, monocytes, and macrophages. |
| What is the fluid contained within the lymphatic system? | Lymph (meaning water) |
| What are 4 aspects of lymph? | 1. Formed from interstitial/tissue fluid. 2. Plasma filtered into interstitium. 3. Not all filtered fluid is absorbed back into blood. 4. Excess filtered fluid is picked up by lymphatic vessels. |
| What does the primary lymphoid tissues consist of? | Bone marrow and Thymus (lies behind the breast bone) |
| What happens in the primary lymphoid tissues? | T and B lymphocytes form/mature. |
| What is the 3-step response initiated by the immune system in response to a pathogen? | 1. Recognition phase (distinguish between normal/host and foreign). 2. Activation Phase (Immune cells mobilized to fight invader). 3. Effector phase (mobilized cells attempt to eliminate foreign cells/particles). |
| What is a PAMP? | Pathogen-associated molecular pattern. |
| Where are PAMPs present? | Present on foreign but not host (self) cells. |
| PAMPs include molecular structures such as ________________ and ______________. | LPS (on gram negative cell walls) and peptidoglycan (on gram positive cell walls). |
| PAMPs are recognized by what? | Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) |
| Give an example of a pattern recognition receptor: | Toll-like receptors (TLR) on macrophges and neutrophils. |
| What happens when the PAMP binds to TLRs? | When binding occurs, it triggers innate immune response - (phagocytosis and inflammation) and several antimicrobial chemicals are released, such as defensins, complement and interferon. These attack foreign invader. |
| Is phagocytosis a specific or non-specific defense mechanism? | Non-specific defense mechanism. |
| Explain phagocytosis. | Eating foreign particles and cells by macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Occurs in infection sites as well as lymphoid tissue. |
| Which cells can act as phagocytes? | Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. |
| What is an immediate and nonspecific response to injury and infection? | Inflammation |
| In inflammation, tissue macrophages initiate ________________ and secrete ________________. | Phagocytes; cytokines |
| What is a cytokine? | Chemical secreted by immune cells and involved in immune response. |
| What is an example of a cytokine in inflammation? | Histamine |
| What do histamines cause (2 things). | Vasodilation and thus increased blood flow. Capillary leakiness and thus adema. |
| What are fever producing agents that include cytokines secreted by macrophages during phagocytosis? | Pyrogens |
| What does a fever do to the body? | Elevates temperature set point in the hypothalamus. |
| Is a moderate fever beneficial to host or harmful to host? | Moderate fever can be beneficial at the expense of a pathogen. High fevers can be dangerous. |
| What do natural killer cells do? | Recognize and kill foreign cells. |
| How do natural killer cells work? | They contain receptors that bind to proteins on other cells. If the cell does not contain MCH-I, the NK cell recognizes it as foreign and secretes chemicals to destroy the cell. These include perforins that puncture the membrane. |
| What are the cytolytic mediators of natural killer cells? What do they do? | Perforins and Granzymes - they puncture foreign cell membrane and cell dies. |
| What do normal (self) cells have that tumor and foreign cells do not have? | MHC-I. |
| What does the complement system consist of (inactivated)? | Inactive proteins produced in the liver and circulate in the body fluid. |
| How is the complement system activated? | It is activated in response to infection. |
| What does the complement system do when activated? | Enhances phagocytosis and inflammation. C3 Convertase splits C3 into C3a and C3b which destroy pathogens - punch holes in membrane and cause water to rush in and destroy bacteria. |
| What are cytokines produced by host cells infected with viruses? | Interferons. |
| What is the function of interferons? | Alert surrounding cells of infection. |
| What are synthetic interferons (IFN) used to treat? | Hepatitis B and C, and genital warts (all caused by viruses) |
| How does interferons work? | They are produced by infected cell and go to neighboring cell to prevent neighboring cells from becoming infected. They stimulate synthesis of AVP in neighbor cells (anti-viral proteins) which inhibit protein synthesis. |
Created by:
sham13
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