Microbiology Exam 4
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| Characteristics of Actinobacteria | -Gram positive
-High GC content
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| Species of Actinobacteria | -Streptomyces
-Actinomycete-filamentous actinobacteria
-Yersinia pestis-Plague
-Mycobacterium
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| Sub species of Mycobacteria (non mycelial actinobacteria) | -M.tuberculosis-TB
-M. leprae-Leprosy
-M. smegatis-harmless commensal of human skin
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| Characteristic of a CNM Group | Contains pathogenic actinobacterial species such as
Corynebacterium, mycobacterium and nocardia
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| Slow growing mycobacterium and why | M. tuberculosis, has a hydrophobic coat (mycolic acid-fat chains that bind peptidogylcan layer)prevents nutrients from easily diffusing in.
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| Fast growing Mycobactrium | E. Coli, b. Subtillis, Staphlylococcus Aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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| Latent TB | Asymptomatic people who are not contagious but are carriers.
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| TB disease | Active TB, highly contagious.C
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| what is a Cord Factor | 2 long alcohol chains linked by trehalose that allows TB cells to bind together inside of macrophages. cuasing a caseous necrosis.
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| What is Secondary TB | When tubercles rupture, often fatal in immunosupressed or elderly.
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| How to prevent TB | Bacillus Calmette Geurin vaccine produced by cow TB is used to innoculate those at risk.
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| What bacteria is Leprosy caused by? | Mycobacterium Leprae, Part of CNM group and is nonmyceilial actinobacteria.
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| How is leprosy transmitted? | Via person to person contact.
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| What are symptoms of tubrculoid leprosy? | Loss of sensation of the skin.
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| What are the symptoms of lepromatous leprosy? | development of disfigurement.
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| How is Leprosy treated? | Via antibiotics or MDT (multiple drug therapies). May require treatment for life.
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| When did Leprosy first get reported | By egyptions in 1550 BC, in India in 600 BC and in Europe in 62 B.C
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| Who first linked Leprosy to Bacteria? | Armauer Hansen.
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| Why has Leprosy never been grown in pure culture? Where is it grow instead? | Because it perfers a cool body temp of 30 degrees centigrade and is grown in armadillos
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| Order the following species in order of fastest to slowest Generation time B. subtillis, S.aureus, C.botulinum,P. aeruginosa | B. subtillis, S.aureus, P. aeruginosa , C.botulinum
BSPC-big shits paint cows
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| Order the following species in order of fastest to slowest Generation time m.tuberculosis, M.leprae, T.pallidum | m.tuberculosis, T.pallidum, M.Leprae
MTM-Mitotic tubulin man
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| Order the following species in order smallest to largest genome P. aeruginosa ,m.tuberculosis, T.pallidum, M.Leprae, V. cholerae, S.coelicolor, B.japonicum, | T.pallidum, M.leprae, V.cholerae, P. aeruginosa, S.coelicolor, B.japonicum
TMVPSB-Tomoki's Mom Vaps Prunes So boring
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| What specices of Actinomyces are irregular shaped? | Corynebactrium Diphtheriae
Arthrobacter
Coryneform bacteria
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| Characteristics of Corynebactrium Diphtheriae | -Causes diphtheria(bacteria infection that covers back of throat)
-Divides by half snapping mechanism
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| Characteristics of Arthrobacter | -Cell cycle of coccoid->rod->coccoid
-irregular branched filaments
-Common in soil
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| Characteristics of Coryneform Bacteria? | -Some are club shaped
-Rod shaped are arranged in palisades (V) due to mechanism of division.
-Commonly found in the soil.
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| How does snapping mechanism of division work? | -Bacteria has 2 thick layers of peptidoglycan, inner layer grows inwards to produce 2 new cells. Once enough is formed tension of it causes outer cell wall to break, except at one point which holds cells together.
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| Definition of epidemiology | The study of the distribution of diseases and tries to create countermeasures to prevent or control the disease. Uses
-Microbiology
-Ecology
-Sociology
-Statistics
-Psychology
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| What is patient zero, why is it important to find them? | First person to have the disease aka Index case. Useful to be able to identify people who had contact with patient zero.
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| Who was the first one to utilize methods of epidemeology to determine cause of Cholera in London? | John Snow
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| Define Incidence | The number of new cases in a population per time period
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| Define prevalence | total (cumulative) number of infected individuals in a population
â—‹ new + old cases/pop. at risk
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| Define mortality | number of deaths per unit time in an infected population
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| Define morbidity | Number of cases per unit time in a population.
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| Define endemic disease | Disease that is always present in a low frequency in a population.
Ex. lyme disease in a state.
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| Define epidemic | High frequency over short period of time.
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| Define pandemic | Epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area. Ex AIDS
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| How are viruses transmitted? | Inhaled, ingestion or with contact of infected person or via touching of infected area.
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| Symptoms of Viruses | Fevers, chills headaches and aches,
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| What Causes the symptoms of Viruses | Lysis of infected cells or body trying to combat infection.
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| Results of being infected with virus | -Lowers immune systems ability to fight infection, leading to secondary infections.
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| Define common source epidemic | epidemic that reaches apex of intensity in short period of time.
Usually result of single source. Ex. Cholera, GI diseases in summer.
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| Define Propagated epidemic | -Host to host transmistion, slow progression and longer period of infection. Ex. Flu
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| Define Reservoir | Source of disease producing organisms.
Can be human, environment or animal.
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| Define symptomatic | Showing obvious signs of disease
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| Define asymptomatic | an infected individual who is a potential source of infection but doesn't show symptoms.
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| Define zoonoses | Animal reservoirs of disease that can be transmitted to humans.
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| Define Vector | An organism that spreads a disease from reservoir to host.
Ex insects(Arthropods) fleas,
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| Characteristic of Gammaproteobacteria | Accounts for majority of nosocomial infections.
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| Characteristic of proteobacteria | -All share common structure of two membranes and a thin peptidoglycan layer in between.
-has gram negative lipopolysaccharide outer membrane with tails that stick out.
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| Name the 5 major classes of Proteobacteria | Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilonproteobacteria
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| Characteristics Alphaproteobacteria | -Many symbionts
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| What is rickettsias | -intracellular pathogen
-clade also includes mitochondria.
-Causes rocky mountain spotted fever.
-parasitize human endothelial cells
-propel themselves through the host cell by polymerizing actin.
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| What are the 4 main genera of rickettsia? | Orientia, ehrlichia and anaplasma
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| What type of Rickettsia | Rickettsia rickettsii- causes rocky mountain spotted fever
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| Which Major class of proteobacteria are endosymbionts? | Alphaproteobacteria,
rhizobium, sinohizobium, bradyrhizobium are nitrogen fixators in plant roots.
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| What does Rhizobium spp. fix nitrogen for? | peas, beans clovers
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| What does sinorhizobium fix nitrogen for? | Alfalfa
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| What does bradyrhizobium fix nitrogen for? | soybeans
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| Characteristic of Alphproteo photoheterotrophs | -Generally unicellular
Ex. Rhodobacter sphaeroides
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| Characteristic of Alphproteo oligotrophs | -adapted to low nutrient concentrations
Ex. caulobacter crescentus
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| Characteristic of Alphproteo anoxygenic photosynthesis? | -uses sulfide for photosynthesis but inhibited by high concentrations,
no oxygen is produced during photo synthesis
-Can be chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophic, or photoheterotrophic under right conditions.
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| Characteristics of Gammaproteobacteria | -Largest group of proteobacteria.
-Ex. escherichia, salmonella, pseudomonas, vibrio, yersinia
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| Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae | -Rod shaped
-grows in singles, in chains or biofilm
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| What is endotoxin | Lipid A is a endotoxin that is released when gram negative cells are lysed since they are used to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane.
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| What is a serotype | How many types of gram negative bacteria are named based on surface antigens.
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| H antigen | Flagellum
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| K antigen | capsule
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| O antigen | O-polysaccharide only detected if there is no capsule
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| What species are Type III membrane proteins found in? | Salmonella, yersinia, shigella, E.coli, P.aeruginosa, Erwinia
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| What type of gammaproteobacteria caused the plague | Yersinia pestis, Causes bubo or swollen lymph nodes.,
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| Define systemic infection | Can move throughout the body.
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| Define when an plague infection moves to lymph nodes | bubonic plague
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| Define when an plague infection moves to blood stream | septicemic plague
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| Define when an plague infection is inhaled | pneumonic plague
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| Slyvatic cycle | Cycle between fleas and rodents that contaminates soil, flea is the vector
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| Define when an plague infected human coughs on another human? | secondary plague pneumonia
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| What bacteria causes cholera. | Vibrio Cholerae
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| What does vibrio parahaeymolyticus cause | -Happens when person eats contaminated shellfish and is similar to cholera.
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| Characteristics of Vibrio cholerae | -Facultative aerobe, found attached to plankton and copepods. (clams)
-Endemic in most oceans.
-grows best at high pH and allows malnurished people to be more susceptible.
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| Which type Gram - or + are more likely to live on the skin and why? | Gram positive since they are more resistant to desiccation due to additional layer
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| What does B. Theta do in large intestine? | Breaks down complex carbs into products that can be absorbed by body.
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| What does E. coli do in the large intestine? | Catabolizes gulconate and component of secreted mucus.
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| How does type of delivery affect bacteria communites in newly born infants? | vaginal delivery allows more of lactobacillus to be transfered. Potentially can play a role in early immune system development.
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| Define dysbiosis | imbalance of gut flora.
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| What is the purpose of American Gut Project? | -To define waht a healthy vs dysbiosis flora is.
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| What species of bacteria are in probiotic? | Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. potentiall bacteroides, escherichia, propionibacterium
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| How do probiotics work? | Inactivate bacterial toxins, create competition between bacteria, upregulates immunity, supresses inflammation, and promotes intestinal barrier function.
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| What is prebiotic | non degestible food ingrediants.
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| What is the purpose of prebiotics | stimulates growth/activity of specific bacteria.
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| What type of gammaproteobacteria is a sulfur chemoautotroph? | beggiatoa
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| What type of enterobacteriaceae are heavily flagellated and show swarming behavior? | Proteus
P.mirabilis is pathogen of UTI in patients with long term catheter.
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| What can betaproteobacteria do? | nitrifiers used to ammonia to nitrate- nitrosomnas
Sulfur and iron oxidizers-thiobacillus
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| What betapreoteobacteria is pathogenic in humans? | neisseria gonorrhoeae
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| Characteristics of neisseria gonorrhoeae? | -Diplococci, gram negative and found inside WBC.
-Constantly evolving and changing surface antigens, preventing creation of vaccine.
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| What bacteria causes whopping cough? | Bordetella pertusis part of betaproteobacteria family.
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| What bacteria causes meningitis and blood infections? | Neisseria meningitidis
-vaccines avalible but must be renewed every 3 years in people under 20.
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| Characteristics of Bordetella pertusis | -Small aerobic gram negative, rod
-very sensitive to drying and is transmitted through droplets of mucs
-paralyzes tracheal cilla making coughing the only way to get rid of it.
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| What is a major characteristic of Deltaproteobacteria | -predator to other bacteria.
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| Where is myxoccous xanthus found. | -soil bacteria that creates fruiting bodies during stravation.
-works in groups
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| What does bdellovibrio species do | parasitizes proteobacterial cells.
-uses host cells resources to grow.
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| Characteristics of Epsilonproteobacteria | -Micoaerophillic spiral shaped pathogens.
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| What does the Elpsilonproteobacteria helicobacter pylori do? | -causes gastritis and stomach ulcers
-destroys mucus layer of stomach linning
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| How does helicobacter pylor function? | -buries themselves in epithelial layer, neutralizes acidic surrounding .
-converts urea to ammonia and CO2
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| What does Campylobacter jejuni cause? | -Causes diarrhea and is found in birds.
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| Characteristics of Bacteroidetes | -Gram negative
-Breaks down cellulose and polymers like chitin in biosphere
-Found in the colon anaerobic
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| Species of bacteriodetes | Cytophaga, flavobacterium,
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| Gut ratio of Prevotella to bacteroides | -People who eat more fiber prevotella
-meat then bacteroides
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| Characteristics of Bacteriodies fragilis | -major flora of human colon
-breaks down food/toxins.
-opportunistic pathogen
- has 8 different capsule polysaccharides.
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| Characteristics of cytophaga and sporocytophaga | -obiligate aerobes
-degrader of cellulose.
-large genome
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| What firmicutes are endospore formers? | Bacillus, clostridium
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| What firmicutes do not form endospores? | staphylococcus, lactobacillus, streptococcu, mollicutes
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| Characteristics of bacillus | Rod shaped,
develop endospores
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| Characteristics of Clostridium Botulinum | -produces neurotoxin
-anaerobe that grows in canned food.
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| Characteristics of Clostridium tetani | -produces tetnus neurotoxin.
-causes muscle spasms
-anaerobic soil bacteria
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| Characteristics of Clostridiales metabacterium polyspora | -Grows in GI tract of guinea pigs
-forms multiple endospores in one cell
-cells undergo binary fission
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| Characteristics of Clostridiales Epulopiscium fishelsoni | -Grows in GI tract of giant squid
-Bioilluminscent
-Undergoes bipolar divison
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| What non spore forming firmicute can survive at cold temps? | Listeria monocytogenes.
-hides in macrophages and is a facultative anaerobe
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| Characteristics of staphylococcus | -Gram positive
-facultative anaerobe
-Found on skin and in nose
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| What type of non spore forming firmicutes have no cell wall or s layer | Mollicutes. Best known for mycoplasma causes pneumonia and meninigitis.
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| Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria | -fermentative bacteria that can tolerate o2.
-fastidious
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| Does streptococci undergo heterolactic fermentation or homolactic? | Homolactic!
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| What bacteria causes caries? | streptococci mutans.
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