Head and Neck
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| Temporomandibular joint | combined hinge & planar joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible & the mandibular fossa & articular tubercle of the temporal bone
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| Movement of Temporomandibular joint | Depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, lateral gliding
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| What is the only moveable joint between skulls? | Temporomandibular joint
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| muscles of facial expression | frontalis, occipitalis, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major, buccinator, platysma, orbicularis oculi
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| Frontalis | draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrow, wrinkles skin
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| Occipitalis | draws scalp posteriorly
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| Orbicularis oris | closes and protrudes lips
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| Zygomaticus major | draws angle of mouth superiorly & laterally (smiling)
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| Buccinator | presses cheeks against teeth and lips (whistling, blowing)
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| Platysma | depresses mandible
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes eye
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| Muscles of mastication | masseter, temporalis, medial& lateral pterygoid
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| Masseter & temporalis | elevates & retracts mandible
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| Medial pterygoid | elevates & protracts mandible
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| Lateral pterygoid | depresses & protracts mandible
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| Digastric & mylohyoid | Elevates hyoid bone & depresses mandible
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| Infrahyoid muscles | omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
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| sternohyoid | 14 & 15 depress hyoid bone
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| sternothyroid | depresses thyroid cartilage of larynx
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| Thyrohyoid | elevates thyroid cartilage & depresses hyoid bone
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| Neck muscles | Sternocleidomastoid
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| Sternocleidomastoid | bilaterally: flex cervical vertebrae, extend head;
unilaterally lateral flex & rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle
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| Scalene muscles | bilaterally: flex head
unlaterally: lateral flex & rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle
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| The brain receives blood from where? | internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
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| Internal carotid arteries | no branches in neck & supplies structures internal to skull
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| Basilar artery | formed by the left & right vertebral arteries
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| Vertebral arteries | arise from subclavian arteries
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| How is the Circle of Willis form? | anastomoses of left & right internal carotid arteries along with the basilar artery
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| What vessels make up the Circle of Willis | anterior cerebral artery (L&R)
anterior communicating artery
internal carotid artery (L&R)
posterior cerebral artery (L&R)
posterior communicating artery (L&R)
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| What vessels drain in the internal jugular veins? | all venous sinus, superior& inferior sagittal, straight & transverse sinus, sigmoid
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| 3 layers of cranial meninges? | dure, arachnoid, pia matter
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| Does the brain have the epidural space? | no
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| What are the 3 dural septa? | falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli
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| What is the blood brain barrier? | protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain
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| What form the blood brain barrier? | continuous endothelium of capillary walls, relatively thick basal lamina, bulbous feet of astrocytes
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| What is the blood brain barrier function? | allows nutrients to pass, ineffective against substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes, absent in some areas allowing these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood
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| Is the bbb the same as the bcfb? | no
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| What structures produce the CSF? | choroid plexus
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| What structures absorb it back to the sinus? | arachnoid villi
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| What is the correct order as the CSF starting in the brain? | lateral v. -> third v. -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th v. -> subarachnoid space & central canal of spinal cord
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| What are the 2 regions of the brain stem involved in the control of respiration? | medulla and pons
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| Brain stem | 3 regions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
contains embedded nuclei
controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
provides pathway for tracts between higher & lower brain centers
associated w/ 10 of 12 pairs of cranial nerve
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| What make up the tectum of the midbrain? | four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain
(2 superior colliculi & 2 inferior colliculi)
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| Superior Colliculi | visual reflex centers
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| Inferior Colliculi | auditory relay centers
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| Medullar oblongata | cranial nerve 8-12, pyramids: 2 longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts, decussation of pyramid: crossover points of corticospinal tract
Function: cardiovascular control center, respiratory center, reflex center
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| Pons | cranial nerves 5-8
connect higher brain centers & spinal cord, relay impulses between the motor cortex & the cerebellum
function: minor respiratory centers
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| Midbrain | cranial nerve 3&4
cerebral peduncles- 2 bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts
cerebral aqueduct- hollow tube that connects the 3rd & 4th ventricle
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| Which area/ structure maintains one's consciousness & awakening from the sleep? | reticular formation: reticular activating system
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| functions of limbic system | motivation, memory, emotion
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| Function of basal nuclei? | selects purposeful activity, suppresses unwanted activity, inhibits muscle tone, monitors/ coordinates slow sustained contractions, inhibits thalamus
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| Parietal lobe | primary- receives info from skin & skeletal muscles: touch, temp, pain
somatosensory- integrates sensory info, forms comprehensive understanding of stimulus
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| Occipital lobe | primary- receives visual info from retinas
visual- interprets visual stimuli
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| Temporal lobe | primary- receives info related to pitch, rhythm, & loudness
Auditory- stores memories of sound & permits perception of sounds
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| Sulci | shallow grooves
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| Gyri | the folds
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| Folia | is a wrinkle (gyrus) on the surface of the cerebellum
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| Vermis | the rounded and elongated central part of the cerebellum, between the two hemispheres
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| What structure allows information to travel between the two cerebral hemispheres | Corpus callosum
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| A midsagittal section of the brain would pass what structures? | longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum, sagittal suture, superior sagittal sinus,
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| Brocas speech area is located in which lobe? | frontal lobe
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| Function of broca's's speech area? | control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, & mouth
coordinates contractions of your speech & breathing muscles enable you to speak your thougths
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| Where is the pre central gyrus & its function? | frontal lobe- primary motor cortex
function: allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
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| Where is the post central gyrus & its function? | parietal lobe- primary somatosensory cortex
function: receives info from skin & skeletal muscles: touch, proprioception, temp, pain
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| Frontal lobe structure | pre central gyrus, composed of pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts, premotor cortex
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| Frontal lobe function | emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behavior. “control panel”
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| Thalamus structure | makes up 80% of diencephalons, bridge of gray matter called intermediate mass joins right and left halves
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| Thalamus function | major relay station for sensory impulses (except smell) allows for crude sensory awareness, positively reinforces voluntary motor activity
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| Hyothalamus structure | located below thalamus, caps the brainstem & forms the inferolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle
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| Hyothalamus function | regulates blood pressure, rate & force of heartbeat, perception of pleasure fear & rage, controls mechanisms needed to maintain normal body temp. regulates feelings of hunger & satiety, regulates sleep
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