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Chapter 9
Head and Neck
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Temporomandibular joint | combined hinge & planar joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible & the mandibular fossa & articular tubercle of the temporal bone |
| Movement of Temporomandibular joint | Depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, lateral gliding |
| What is the only moveable joint between skulls? | Temporomandibular joint |
| muscles of facial expression | frontalis, occipitalis, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major, buccinator, platysma, orbicularis oculi |
| Frontalis | draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrow, wrinkles skin |
| Occipitalis | draws scalp posteriorly |
| Orbicularis oris | closes and protrudes lips |
| Zygomaticus major | draws angle of mouth superiorly & laterally (smiling) |
| Buccinator | presses cheeks against teeth and lips (whistling, blowing) |
| Platysma | depresses mandible |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes eye |
| Muscles of mastication | masseter, temporalis, medial& lateral pterygoid |
| Masseter & temporalis | elevates & retracts mandible |
| Medial pterygoid | elevates & protracts mandible |
| Lateral pterygoid | depresses & protracts mandible |
| Digastric & mylohyoid | Elevates hyoid bone & depresses mandible |
| Infrahyoid muscles | omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid |
| sternohyoid | 14 & 15 depress hyoid bone |
| sternothyroid | depresses thyroid cartilage of larynx |
| Thyrohyoid | elevates thyroid cartilage & depresses hyoid bone |
| Neck muscles | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Sternocleidomastoid | bilaterally: flex cervical vertebrae, extend head; unilaterally lateral flex & rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle |
| Scalene muscles | bilaterally: flex head unlaterally: lateral flex & rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle |
| The brain receives blood from where? | internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries |
| Internal carotid arteries | no branches in neck & supplies structures internal to skull |
| Basilar artery | formed by the left & right vertebral arteries |
| Vertebral arteries | arise from subclavian arteries |
| How is the Circle of Willis form? | anastomoses of left & right internal carotid arteries along with the basilar artery |
| What vessels make up the Circle of Willis | anterior cerebral artery (L&R) anterior communicating artery internal carotid artery (L&R) posterior cerebral artery (L&R) posterior communicating artery (L&R) |
| What vessels drain in the internal jugular veins? | all venous sinus, superior& inferior sagittal, straight & transverse sinus, sigmoid |
| 3 layers of cranial meninges? | dure, arachnoid, pia matter |
| Does the brain have the epidural space? | no |
| What are the 3 dural septa? | falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli |
| What is the blood brain barrier? | protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain |
| What form the blood brain barrier? | continuous endothelium of capillary walls, relatively thick basal lamina, bulbous feet of astrocytes |
| What is the blood brain barrier function? | allows nutrients to pass, ineffective against substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes, absent in some areas allowing these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood |
| Is the bbb the same as the bcfb? | no |
| What structures produce the CSF? | choroid plexus |
| What structures absorb it back to the sinus? | arachnoid villi |
| What is the correct order as the CSF starting in the brain? | lateral v. -> third v. -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th v. -> subarachnoid space & central canal of spinal cord |
| What are the 2 regions of the brain stem involved in the control of respiration? | medulla and pons |
| Brain stem | 3 regions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata contains embedded nuclei controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival provides pathway for tracts between higher & lower brain centers associated w/ 10 of 12 pairs of cranial nerve |
| What make up the tectum of the midbrain? | four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain (2 superior colliculi & 2 inferior colliculi) |
| Superior Colliculi | visual reflex centers |
| Inferior Colliculi | auditory relay centers |
| Medullar oblongata | cranial nerve 8-12, pyramids: 2 longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts, decussation of pyramid: crossover points of corticospinal tract Function: cardiovascular control center, respiratory center, reflex center |
| Pons | cranial nerves 5-8 connect higher brain centers & spinal cord, relay impulses between the motor cortex & the cerebellum function: minor respiratory centers |
| Midbrain | cranial nerve 3&4 cerebral peduncles- 2 bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts cerebral aqueduct- hollow tube that connects the 3rd & 4th ventricle |
| Which area/ structure maintains one's consciousness & awakening from the sleep? | reticular formation: reticular activating system |
| functions of limbic system | motivation, memory, emotion |
| Function of basal nuclei? | selects purposeful activity, suppresses unwanted activity, inhibits muscle tone, monitors/ coordinates slow sustained contractions, inhibits thalamus |
| Parietal lobe | primary- receives info from skin & skeletal muscles: touch, temp, pain somatosensory- integrates sensory info, forms comprehensive understanding of stimulus |
| Occipital lobe | primary- receives visual info from retinas visual- interprets visual stimuli |
| Temporal lobe | primary- receives info related to pitch, rhythm, & loudness Auditory- stores memories of sound & permits perception of sounds |
| Sulci | shallow grooves |
| Gyri | the folds |
| Folia | is a wrinkle (gyrus) on the surface of the cerebellum |
| Vermis | the rounded and elongated central part of the cerebellum, between the two hemispheres |
| What structure allows information to travel between the two cerebral hemispheres | Corpus callosum |
| A midsagittal section of the brain would pass what structures? | longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum, sagittal suture, superior sagittal sinus, |
| Brocas speech area is located in which lobe? | frontal lobe |
| Function of broca's's speech area? | control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, & mouth coordinates contractions of your speech & breathing muscles enable you to speak your thougths |
| Where is the pre central gyrus & its function? | frontal lobe- primary motor cortex function: allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements |
| Where is the post central gyrus & its function? | parietal lobe- primary somatosensory cortex function: receives info from skin & skeletal muscles: touch, proprioception, temp, pain |
| Frontal lobe structure | pre central gyrus, composed of pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts, premotor cortex |
| Frontal lobe function | emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behavior. “control panel” |
| Thalamus structure | makes up 80% of diencephalons, bridge of gray matter called intermediate mass joins right and left halves |
| Thalamus function | major relay station for sensory impulses (except smell) allows for crude sensory awareness, positively reinforces voluntary motor activity |
| Hyothalamus structure | located below thalamus, caps the brainstem & forms the inferolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle |
| Hyothalamus function | regulates blood pressure, rate & force of heartbeat, perception of pleasure fear & rage, controls mechanisms needed to maintain normal body temp. regulates feelings of hunger & satiety, regulates sleep |
Created by:
_melgozacaroo15
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