animals ( general)
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| 3 general words that describe all animals | multicellular, eukaryotic , heterotrophs ( they are ingestive heterotrophs)
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| What animals are believed to evolved from ( some cells of sponges are very similar to these) | colonial protists
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| 2 places where animals digest food | in specific cells ( this happens in sponges) or in body cavities ( such as gastrovascular cavity) or organs ( stomachs and intestines)
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| 95-99 % of animals are ______ ( they don't have ? but many have ?) | invertebrates, ( backbones, exoskeletons)
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| Discuss an exoskeleton .... What, What does it provide for the animal, What are two ways it protects, and what does it prevent) | exoskeletons are hard or tough outer coverings on animals. they provide a supportive framework for the animal... they protect soft body tissues and protect from predators, they prevent water loss
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| Does an exoskeleton grow with the animal as it grows? | No, the exoskeleton doesn't grow with the animal. it must be shed ( this is called molting)... When they shed the old exoskeleton a new exoskeleton grows.
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| What is an endoskeleton... Which animals have an endoskeleton? | it is an internal skeleton... found in vertebrates and invertebrates called echinoderms ( sea stars and sea urchins are examples)
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| What is an advantage of an endoskeleton and give 3 functions | endoskeleton's grow with the animal.. functions of the endoskeleton 1. protects internal organs, 2. provides support for body and 3. it provides an internal brace for muscles to pull against... ( basically same functions as exokeleton)
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| What are endoskeletons made of in some fish ( sharks, rays), sea stars and sea urchins ( echinoderms), other fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals | ... sharks, rays- cartilage
... sea stars and sea urchins ( calcium carbonate)
... other fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals- bones
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| What are vertebrates | animals that have an endoskeleton and a backbone ( or spinal column) spinal column is not same as spinal cord..... vertebrates is a subphylum of chordate that includes animals with backbones these are fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
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| What is a good quote to remember about chordates and vertebrates... | all vertebraes are chordates... but not all chordates are vertebrates... ( there are invertebrate chordates --- 2 small groups)
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| Will we see all animals move? explain this and use proper terms or words | NO,,, most animals have a body form that moves at some stage of development .. SOME ANIMALS ARE STATIONARY AS ADULTS... THIS IS CALLED SESSILE...
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| What type of reproduction USUALLY occurs in animals... review this type of reproduction | sexual... when a egg and sperm ( made by meiosis) unite during fertilization to make offspring that have some variation
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| What word describes an animal that produces both egg and sperm in the same animal body | HERMAPHRODITE ... to get variation two individuals unite and exchange the sperm and eggs between both of them
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| What is required for external fertilization | an aquatic environment
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| Describe the external fertilization in fish... What is true about the number of eggs that are produced with external fertilization | the female fish lays eggs in water and the male sheds sperm over the eggs... .. since they do external fertilization , they will need to lay a larger number of eggs to be sure some get fertilized and survive
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| Can animals have asexual reproduction... Explain | Yes... a single parent will make a genetically identical offspring.. some types are budding, fragmentation, and regeneration
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| Explain a planaria's asexual reproduction called regeneration | body parts that are missing can be regrown... if you cut the worm in half... the part with the head can grow a new posterior end and the posterior end grows an anterior end... you can also split them between the eyes and get two headed planaria
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| What are the 3 types of symmetry... arrangements of body structures that form the animals "balance" and enable the to move a certain way | asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry
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| which type of symmetry has no balance in the animal... They are irregular in shape | asymmetry "a" means without or not
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| what type of symmetry allows animals to detect and capture prey moving in from any direction | radial
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| what is the definition of radial symmetry | the animal can be divided into roughly equal halves when you divide it along any plane as long as it goes through the central axis... ( think about cutting a pie or pizza into wedge slices through the center point
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| which type of symmetry is involved when an animal moves through the environment with the anterior end first ( head end encounters food and other stimuli) | bilateral
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| what is the definition of bilateral symmetry | the animal can be divided into roughly mirror image halves along ONE PLANE .... you would have to cut a human and other bilateral symmetrical animals between the eyes
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| give an example on an animal with asymmetry | sponges ( the phylum porifera)
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| name two animal phyla with radial symmetry | cnidarians and echinoderms ( echinoderms had radial adults)
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| give examples of animal phyla with bilateral symmetry | first with bilateral symmetry flatworms ( platyhelminthes)... others are nematode(roundworm), mollusk, annelids ( segmented worms), arthropods, chordates ... also the larva of echinoderms
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| Describe the two types of "guts" found in bilateral animals | saclike ( only one opening.. mouth takes in food and also where wastes exit)
tube-like ( has mouth and anus, complete digestive system that digest, absorbs, stores and disposes undigested food)
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| What are advantages of segmentation | 1. animals with segments can survive damage to one segment ( others can do same functions)
2. movement is more effective ( more flexible)
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| Name 3 phyla with segmentation | annelids, arthropods, and chordates
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| animals put together from a succession of similar parts can be described as | segmented
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| Which animal phylum has cells that work together no tissues.. the simplest animal | Porifera
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| Which animal phylum has the first true tissues with two tissue layers | Cnidarian
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| which animal phylum is the first to be bilateral | Platyhelminthes or flatworm
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| How many tissue layers are present in bilateral animals | 3
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| Which two animal phyla are thin or pretty tiny and move materials ( carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients ) by diffusion - have no circulatory or respiratory system ( remember diffusion is moving materials from a high concentration to a low concentration) | flatworms and roundworms
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| What are three types of body cavities in animals and give an example of each | 1. no body cavity ( solid body) acoelomate.... flatworm
2. partial body cavity... roundworm
3. true body cavity.. coelomate ( mollusk, annelid, arthropod, echinoderm, chordate
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| what is the advantage of a body cavity or coelom | the animals can be larger, more active, and develop specialized organs and systems
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| what two groups of organisms are closely related due to similar embryo development | 1. the mollusks and annelids
2. the echinoderms and chordates
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| who was the first with segmentation | the annelids or segmented worms
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| what is the order of animal evolution from simple to complex | porifera, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusk, segmented worms, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates
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| what is the fancy name for sponges, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, | porifera, platyhelminthes, nematode, annelid
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| which group is stuck into the evolution of worms...all the worms are not in order... what is the order | flatworms, roundworms, MOLLUSK, segmented worms
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| what development happened in arthropods : 2 things that are important | exoskeleton and jointed appendages, ( note appendages are legs, antennae etc)
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| which animal is closely related to chordates because of the embryo development... they have a bilateral larva but become radial as an adult | echinoderm
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| are all chordates vertebrates | no there are a few invertebrate chordates
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| what is special about the classification of vertebrates | they are a subphylum of chordates that includes animals with backbones
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| give one example of a cnidarian | jellyfish
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| give one example of a platyhelminthes | planaria
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| give one example of a nematode | ascaris
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| give one example of a mollusk | snail
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| give one example of an annelid | an earthworm
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| give one example of an arthropod | insects
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| give one example of an echinoderm | starfish or sea star
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| give two examples of chordates | bird and human
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| What is the largest animal phylum and the largest class within that phylum | Arthropod, insect
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| What are the classes of arthropods | insect, crustacean, arachnids, centipede, millipede, and horseshoe crab
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| what are the classes of chordates | jawless fish, cartilage fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
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