Chapter 53 Population Ecology
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| Population Ecology | Study of the ecosystem
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| Name the three ways organisms respond to environmental change: | 1. Physiology-
2. Morphology
3. Behavior
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| Physiology | The changes that occur inside their body
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| Morphology | The changes that occur outside the body
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| Behavior | Changes in behavior due to the envirement (hibernation)
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| Population dynamics Two types | 1. Immigration
2. Emigration
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| Population Dynamics Immigration | Will add to population (birth)
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| Population Dynamics Emigration | Will take way from population (death)
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| Two characters associated in population | density and dispersion
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| Associated in population: density | the number of individuals per unit of area or volume
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| Two types of density associated in population | 1. indirect way: counting by nests or burrows
2. Mark: Recapture method: (See notes)
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| Dispersion associated with population three types | 1. Clumped distribution
2. Uniform distribution
3. Random distribution
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| Clumped | individuals of a species together with limited space between eachother
Reason: attraction food and attraction to one another
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| Uniform | Individuals of species evenly spread:
Reason Repulsion
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| Randomly | It is neither clumped or uniformed
No attraction or repulsion
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| Survivorship curve | Measures mortality rate of different species
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| Survivorship curve Type 1 | Low death rates during early and middle life than increase among older age groups (humans)
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| Survivorship curve Type 2 | the death rate is constant over the organisms life span
(squirrels )
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| Survivorship curve Type 3 | high death rates for young then a slower death rate for survivors (sea turtles)
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| Reproductive rate | at certain age a single organism has a high reproductive rate
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| Big bang reproductive: Semelparity | is a one time reproduction (black widow)
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| Repeated reproduction : iteropartiy | is a repeated reproduction
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| Carrying capacity | The maximum level a population can reach before it declines
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| Exponential growth | the population expands greatly due to the amount of space and food
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| K-Selected population: Carrying capacity | 1. Will not reproduce alot throughout lifespan
2. Longer lifespan
3. Longer parental care
4. low death rate
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| R-Selected population: Reproduction | 1. will reproduce alot throughout lifespan
2. short life span
3. no parental care
4. high death rate
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