UpperRespGC17
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| Inflammation of nasal mucous membrane Causes of acute symptoms: common cold, bacterial infection, presence of foreign body, drug-induced congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa) | Rhinitis
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| Caused by allergic reaction on exposure to allergens such as pollens, grasses, dust mites Releases large amounts of histamine | Allergic rhinitis
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| Identify allergens (skin testing) Avoid exposure to allergens, if possible Antihistamines, decongestants, intranasal anti-inflammatory agents Saline nasal spray to reduce nasal irritation | Allergic rhinitis
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| Most common in midwinter, spring, and fall | Cold Virus
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| Clear, watery nasal discharge, sneezing Cough, mild sore throat Headache, malaise, chills, and fever Should resolve over 5 to 7 days | Cold Virus
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| Thick, tenacious mucus obstructs sinus ducts | Sinusitis
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| nfection of the middle ear |
Otitis media
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| Contact health care provider if symptoms worsen, or additional symptoms appear with a cold | Exacerbations of obstructive lung disease, asthma
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| Limited to relief of symptoms Decongestants are most effective agents Antihistamines are of some benefit Analgesics, antipyretics, expectorants, antitussive agents also beneficial, depending on symptoms | Common cold
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| Emphasize importance of adequate rest, hydration, personal hygiene, prevention of spread Discuss specific medications prescribed and when to take medication . Explain proper technique in administering medications . Teach to monitor temperature, pulse, re | Patient Education and Health Promotion
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| Stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors of nasal mucous membranes causing vasoconstriction | Actions Sympathomimetic Decongestants
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| Relieve congestion associated with rhinitis | Sympathomimetic Decongestants
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| Reduced nasal congestion, easier breathing | Therapeutic outcomes Sympathomimetic Decongestants
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| Mild nasal irritation | Adverse effects Sympathomimetic Decongestants
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| Serious adverse effect: hypertension | Sympathomimetic Decongestants
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| Used with caution in patients with hypertension, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease, increased intraocular pressure, or prostatic hyperplasia | Sympathomimetic Decongestants
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| State laws regulate purchase of pseudoephedrine, one ingredient in methamphetamine manufacture | Sympathomimetic Decongestants
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| Combining with MAOIs results in significant hypertension | Sympathomimetic Decongestants
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| Actions Compete with allergy-liberated histamine for H1 receptor sites | Antihistamines
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| Uses Treat allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis | Antihistamines
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| Therapeutic outcomes Reduced symptoms of allergic rhinitis | Antihistamines
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| Common adverse effects Sedative effects, cognitive impairment, drying effects | Antihistamines
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| Anticholinergic adverse effects Dry mouth, stuffy nose Blurred vision Constipation, urinary retention May make respiratory mucus thicker | Antihistamines
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| Patients with history of asthma, prostatic enlargement, or glaucoma should take antihistamines only with health care provider supervision | Antihistamines
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| intranasal corticosteroids cromolyn sodium (Nasalcrom) | Respiratory Anti-inflammatory Agents
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| Actions Reduce inflammation; mechanism of action unknown | intranasal corticosteroids
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| Uses For patients who do not respond to antihistamines or sympathomimetic agents | intranasal corticosteroids
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| Therapeutic outcomes Reduced rhinorrhea, rhinitis, itching, sneezing | intranasal corticosteroids
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| Common adverse effect Nasal burning | intranasal corticosteroids
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| Actions Stabilize mast cells, reducing the release of histamine and other mediators | cromolyn sodium (Nasalcrom)
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| Uses In conjunction with other drugs to treat severe allergic rhinitis | cromolyn sodium (Nasalcrom)
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| Common adverse effect Nasal burning | cromolyn sodium (Nasalcrom)
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| Serious adverse effects Bronchospasm, coughing | cromolyn sodium (Nasalcrom)
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| Usefulness is often limited because of the need for frequent dosing. | cromolyn sodium (Nasalcrom)
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| May be most beneficial when used as a prophylactic treatment before an anticipated allergen exposure or in patients whose medical conditions do not allow the use of other medications (e.g., pregnancy). | cromolyn sodium (Nasalcrom)
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