B
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Anther | 4 pollen sacs
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| Tapetum | Elongated cells inside of pollen sac wall that serve as nutritive tissue for developing gametophyte and will make up the exine
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| Intine | Smooth layer inside exine made up of cellulose and pectin
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| Microsporocytes | Precursors to pollen grains
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| 2-cell stage | 75% of plants release pollen in this immature stage
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| 25% of plants | Let generative cells divide before releasing mature pollen
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| Apertures | Openings in pollen grains
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| Egg apparatus | Synergids plus egg
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| Chalazal end | End of ovule opposite from egg
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| Micropylar end | End of ovule where the egg is
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| Filiform apparatus | Ingrowth of synergid cell walls to form transfer cells
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| Polygonum | 75% of plants have this pattern of megasporogenisis and megagametogenesis
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| Megasporocyte | Turns into embryo sac
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| Pollination | Pollen grain transferred from anther to stigma, pollen tube grows down style to ovary, enters ovule through micropyle, penetrates a synergid which breaks down, and both sperm released through pore
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| Double fertilization | One sperm unites with egg to form embryo, and the other sperm unites with polar nuclei to form endosperm
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| Seed coat | Developed from integuments
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| Fruit | Developed from pericarp
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| Pericarp | Ovary wall
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| Fruit | Mature ovary and accessory tissue
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| Fruit function | Protection and dispersal
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| Exocarp | Outer layer of pericarp
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| Mesocarp | Middle layer of pericarp
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| Endocarp | Inner layer of pericarp
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| Simple fruit | Develops from a single ovary
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| Fleshy simple fruits | Mesocarp is at least partly fleshy
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| Berries | Fleshy simple fruit with many seeds and difficult to distinguish endocarp from mesocarp, like tomatoes, grapes, and peppers
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| Pepo | Berry with thick exocarp (rind) like a pumpkin
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| Hesperidium | Berry with leathery exocarp like citrus
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| Drupe | Fleshy simple fruit with a single seed with a hard endocarp (stone) like peaches
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| Pome | Fleshy simple fruit with many seeds and that develops from an inferior ovary so most of the "fruit" comes from receptacle, like an apple
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| Dry simple fruit | Mesocarp is dry throughout
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| Dehiscent | Dry simple fruit that splits at maturity
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| Follicle | Dehiscent that splits along one line
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| Legume | Dehiscent that splits along two lines, like beans or peas
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| Capsule | Dehiscent that splits along 3 or more lines, like cotton or irises
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| Most common dehiscent dry fruit | Capsule
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| Silique and silicles | 2 fused carpels that split along 2 sides leaving seeds exposed on a septum between 2 valves
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| Silique | 4 times longer than wide
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| Silicles | About as long as wide
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| Indehiscent | Simple dry fruit that does not split at maturity
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| Achene | Indehiscent that has one seed attached at the base of the pericarp and is easy to separate, like sunflower
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| Cypsela | Indehiscent that is an achene-like fruit developed from an inferior ovary
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| Samara | Indehiscent that is like an achene with pericarp extended to form a wing to aid in wind dispersal
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| Schizocarp | Two or more united carpels that partly separate at maturity into one-seeded sections, like carrots
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| Nut | Larger and with a thicker and harder pericarp than achenes, developed from a compound ovary, like acorns
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| Caryopsis | Seed coat tightly fused to fruit wall and can't be separated, like grains
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| Compound fruit | Develops from several ovaries
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| Aggregate | Compound fruit that develops from a single flower with several ovaries, like blackberries and strawberries
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| Multiple | Compound fruit that develops from several flowers within an inflorescence, like pineapple and fig
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| How are fleshy edible fruits dispersed | Resistant seed coat allows them to be eaten then pooped out later somewhere else, with a fertilizer package as bonus
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| Wind dispersal | Seeds either light weight (orchids) or have seed or fruit modifications like wings or plumes
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| Water dispersal | Modified for floating with air pockets and aerenchyma, like coconuts
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| Animal attachment dispersal | Adaptations such as hooked hairs, spines, or sticky substances
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| Myrmecohory | Ant dispersal, produce elaiosomes on outside of seed so ants carry the seeds back to feed queen and when it grows into a new plant the ants protect it as a food source
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| Elaiosomes | Pigmented appendages on seed coats containing lipids, proteins, sugars, and vitamins
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| What plants use ant dispersal | Thousands of plants; in North America most are spring ephemerals
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| Secondary compounds | Not needed for the plant to maintain life, used as protection against herbivory
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| Mustard oil glycosides | Enzymes break down glycosides into toxic compounds that release pungent odors which prevents most insects from eating the plants
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| Cardiac glycoside | Found in foxglove and used to treat heart failure by regulating heart beat
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| Taxol | Alkaloid found in yew and used to treat melanoma and ovarian and breast cancer
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Created by:
iragland
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