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Plant Test 3
B
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anther | 4 pollen sacs |
| Tapetum | Elongated cells inside of pollen sac wall that serve as nutritive tissue for developing gametophyte and will make up the exine |
| Intine | Smooth layer inside exine made up of cellulose and pectin |
| Microsporocytes | Precursors to pollen grains |
| 2-cell stage | 75% of plants release pollen in this immature stage |
| 25% of plants | Let generative cells divide before releasing mature pollen |
| Apertures | Openings in pollen grains |
| Egg apparatus | Synergids plus egg |
| Chalazal end | End of ovule opposite from egg |
| Micropylar end | End of ovule where the egg is |
| Filiform apparatus | Ingrowth of synergid cell walls to form transfer cells |
| Polygonum | 75% of plants have this pattern of megasporogenisis and megagametogenesis |
| Megasporocyte | Turns into embryo sac |
| Pollination | Pollen grain transferred from anther to stigma, pollen tube grows down style to ovary, enters ovule through micropyle, penetrates a synergid which breaks down, and both sperm released through pore |
| Double fertilization | One sperm unites with egg to form embryo, and the other sperm unites with polar nuclei to form endosperm |
| Seed coat | Developed from integuments |
| Fruit | Developed from pericarp |
| Pericarp | Ovary wall |
| Fruit | Mature ovary and accessory tissue |
| Fruit function | Protection and dispersal |
| Exocarp | Outer layer of pericarp |
| Mesocarp | Middle layer of pericarp |
| Endocarp | Inner layer of pericarp |
| Simple fruit | Develops from a single ovary |
| Fleshy simple fruits | Mesocarp is at least partly fleshy |
| Berries | Fleshy simple fruit with many seeds and difficult to distinguish endocarp from mesocarp, like tomatoes, grapes, and peppers |
| Pepo | Berry with thick exocarp (rind) like a pumpkin |
| Hesperidium | Berry with leathery exocarp like citrus |
| Drupe | Fleshy simple fruit with a single seed with a hard endocarp (stone) like peaches |
| Pome | Fleshy simple fruit with many seeds and that develops from an inferior ovary so most of the "fruit" comes from receptacle, like an apple |
| Dry simple fruit | Mesocarp is dry throughout |
| Dehiscent | Dry simple fruit that splits at maturity |
| Follicle | Dehiscent that splits along one line |
| Legume | Dehiscent that splits along two lines, like beans or peas |
| Capsule | Dehiscent that splits along 3 or more lines, like cotton or irises |
| Most common dehiscent dry fruit | Capsule |
| Silique and silicles | 2 fused carpels that split along 2 sides leaving seeds exposed on a septum between 2 valves |
| Silique | 4 times longer than wide |
| Silicles | About as long as wide |
| Indehiscent | Simple dry fruit that does not split at maturity |
| Achene | Indehiscent that has one seed attached at the base of the pericarp and is easy to separate, like sunflower |
| Cypsela | Indehiscent that is an achene-like fruit developed from an inferior ovary |
| Samara | Indehiscent that is like an achene with pericarp extended to form a wing to aid in wind dispersal |
| Schizocarp | Two or more united carpels that partly separate at maturity into one-seeded sections, like carrots |
| Nut | Larger and with a thicker and harder pericarp than achenes, developed from a compound ovary, like acorns |
| Caryopsis | Seed coat tightly fused to fruit wall and can't be separated, like grains |
| Compound fruit | Develops from several ovaries |
| Aggregate | Compound fruit that develops from a single flower with several ovaries, like blackberries and strawberries |
| Multiple | Compound fruit that develops from several flowers within an inflorescence, like pineapple and fig |
| How are fleshy edible fruits dispersed | Resistant seed coat allows them to be eaten then pooped out later somewhere else, with a fertilizer package as bonus |
| Wind dispersal | Seeds either light weight (orchids) or have seed or fruit modifications like wings or plumes |
| Water dispersal | Modified for floating with air pockets and aerenchyma, like coconuts |
| Animal attachment dispersal | Adaptations such as hooked hairs, spines, or sticky substances |
| Myrmecohory | Ant dispersal, produce elaiosomes on outside of seed so ants carry the seeds back to feed queen and when it grows into a new plant the ants protect it as a food source |
| Elaiosomes | Pigmented appendages on seed coats containing lipids, proteins, sugars, and vitamins |
| What plants use ant dispersal | Thousands of plants; in North America most are spring ephemerals |
| Secondary compounds | Not needed for the plant to maintain life, used as protection against herbivory |
| Mustard oil glycosides | Enzymes break down glycosides into toxic compounds that release pungent odors which prevents most insects from eating the plants |
| Cardiac glycoside | Found in foxglove and used to treat heart failure by regulating heart beat |
| Taxol | Alkaloid found in yew and used to treat melanoma and ovarian and breast cancer |
Created by:
iragland
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