study guide
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| joint pain and stiffness caused by loss of cartilage | oseoarthiritis
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| rib cage | axial skeleton
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| shoulders | appendicular skeleton
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| cells that secrete mineral deposits that form bone | osteoblasts
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| soft tissue in bone cavities that produce blood cells | red marrow
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| bone with a latticework structure | spongy bone
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| nerves and blood vessels run through this structure in bones | Haversian canals
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| soft tissue in bone cavities that stores fat | yellow marrow
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| cells that break down bone minerals | osteoclasts
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| tough layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone | periosteum
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| the process in which cartilage is replaced by bone | ossification
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| ball and socket | shoulder and hip
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| hinge | elbows, ankles, and knees
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| immovable | between skull bones
fibrous - structure/craniums
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| slightly movable | between two vertebra
caltiagenus
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| multiple nuclei, voluntary, striated | skeletal muscle
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| spindle shaped, non-striated, involuntary | smooth muscle
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| lines the inside of the blood vessels and the digestive tract | smooth muscle
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| involuntary, striated | cardiac muscle
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| connected to each other by gap junctions | cardiac muscle
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| thin protein filaments in muscle fibers | actin
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| formed by thick filaments to allow filaments to slide past one another | cross-bridges
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| these ions are released within muscle fibers when impulses pass from motor neutrons | calcium
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| bundles of tightly packed protein filaments inside muscle fibers | myofibrils
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| thick protein in muscle fibers | myosin
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| supplies the energy needed for muscle contraction | ATP
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| protection from pathogens, water loss, and ultraviolet radiation are functions of the | skin
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| skin releases excess heat but holds in some body heat | true
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| sweat contains | salts and urea
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| sensory receptors for both pressure and pain | skin
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| skin needs sunlight to produce | vitamin D
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| melanin protects skin by absorbing this type of radiation | ultraviolet
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| structures that excrete salt and water from the skin | sweat glands
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| the outer layer of skin | epidermis
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| a tough fibrous protein that makes up the hair and nails | keratin
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| epidermal cells that produce melanin | melancyotes
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| structures that produce a fluid that kills bacteria | sebaceous glands
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| the lower layer of skin | dermis
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| red welts | hives
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| bumps that become red, may contain pus and may leave scars | acne
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| abnormal growths or sore that do not heal | skin cancer
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| 2 types of support systems | terrestrial and aquatic
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| name the plant support systems | woody and non woody
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| trees | woody
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| Turgor pressure Water hydrostatic | non woody
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| name the animal support system | None, mineral, skeleton
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| two types of skeleton | exoskeleton
endoskeleton
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| Worm, slug, jellyfish, octopus | No skeletal system (hyrostatic)
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| Usually live in water Slow moving Supported by muscle | No skeletal system (hyrostatic)
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| clams, oysters | Non-living mineral support (minerals)
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| Endoskeleton function | support, protect, help movement, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, CaH, P, Mg
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| Advantage and disadvantages of exoskeleton | - prevent water loss, protect, support, help movement
- must molt, limit adult size, vulnerable immediately after molting
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| breaks down bone | Osteoclasts
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| build up bone | Osteoblasts
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| maintaining bone health | Osteocytes
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| freely movable | synovial joits
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| pivot | ulna/ radius
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| epilloical | knuckles
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| saddie | thumb
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| 1+ nuclei | cardiac
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| 1 nuclei | smooth
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| state the sliding filament theory | 1. releases the neuro transmitter Ach
2. causes muscle to release calcium
3. exposes biding site on actin
4. actin + myosin form a cross bridge
5. Bowerstrokes to bring Z lines closer together
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| ligaments | bone to bone
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| Integumentry | skin, hair, nails
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| function of integumentry | prevent dehydration, protection, relax waste, regulates, vitamin D
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| living cells, collagen contain minerals | endoskeleton
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| Where are smooth muscles found? | digestive system, blood vessels and the pupils of the eye.
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| What are exoskeleton composed of? | Chitin & living tissue
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| Cranium, vertebral column and the ribs. | axial system
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| What are the functions of tendons? | To connect muscles to bones.
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| What part of the bone contains dividing cartilage cells that increase the size of a bone until a person reaches maturity? | The growth plate
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| What does the body release in response to allergic reactions? | Histamines
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| What is the name of the condition where bone density decreases, causing the bones to become more porous? | Osteoporosis
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| is the place where two or more bones meet | joint
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| What is the purpose of cartilage? | absorb impacts as a cushion between bones and to provide a frictionless environment between bones
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| What is it called when you injure ligaments? | a sprain
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| What are the cytoplasms of old epidermis cells filled with? | Keratin
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| What is it called when you injure a tendon? | a strain
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| What type of bone is found at the ends of long bones and inside flat bones? | Spongy bones
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| What is bursitis? | Inflammation of the bursae.
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| Where are cardiac muscles found? | heart
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| What is the name of the neurotransmitter released into the neuromuscular junction that starts the muscle contraction process? | ACh or acetylcholine
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| What causes the striation in certain muscles? | regular arrangement of actin and myosin myofilaments.
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| Name 2 of the 3 most common forms of skin cancer? | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.
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| What causes the muscle contraction to end? | ACh stops being secreted from the nerve and the process is reversed.
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| the name of the contracting unit of a muscle | sarcomere
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| What has to happen to the opposing muscle when a muscle contracts? | relax
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| What is the largest organ in your body? | skin
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| What type of muscle contracts rapidly and generates a lot of force quickly? | Whit muscle
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| Where are melanocytes found? | epidermis
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| What are the effects of UV-B rays? | rays don’t penetrate as deeply as A do produce sunburns, and increase risk of skin cancer
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| What is the function of melanin? | protect the skin by absorbing UV rays form the sun.
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| What structures are found in the dermis? | Blood vessels, nerve endings, sebaceous and sweat glands, smooth muscle and hair follicles.
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| What do sebaceous glands produce? | sebum
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| Where is the red bone marrow found? | spongy bone
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| what is keeping non-woody plants upright? | The turgor pressure created by water in the central vacuole
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| What type of bone is dense and found under the periosteum? | compact bone
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| What are the small sacs of synovial fluid found near joints called? | Bursae
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| What is the composition of an endoskeleton? | living cells, collagen contain minerals, Bone, cartilage, and connective tissues.
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| What is muscle tone? | Skeletal muscles staying in a state of partial contraction
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| gliding | ankle and wrist
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| wear and tear of cartilage | osearthiritis
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| light line in sarcomere | actin
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| dark lines in sacromere | myosin
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| functions of endoskeleton | stores fat, makes blood cells, support shape, protect organs, store minerals, help movement
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| cartilengenus | rib and backbone
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| dermatitis | rash or inflammation, itching and burning
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| wounds | open broke in skin
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| burns | caused by heat, chemicals, shock or radition
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| motor neutrons | release chemical messenger ACH into muscle fiber
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| vitamin D | helps w/ the absorption of calcium
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| regulation of body temp | evaporation cools body
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| protection | keeps out bacteria
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| tetanus | causes muscle fibers to lock in continuous contraction
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| muscle dystrophy | wasting away of skeletal muscles
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| Breaks down fat | lipase
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| Absorb fats and fatty acids | lymph vessels
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| What is the purpose of the excretory system? | remove metabolic wastes from the body and maintain homeostasis
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| What organs are involved in the excretory system? | The skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
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| How does the skin help remove waste? | sweating
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| How do the lungs excrete wastes? | carbon dioxide, a waste of cellular respiration is released when breathing
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| What does the kidney do? | filtering process, the
kidneys remove excess water,
urea and metabolic wastes from
the blood
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| outer portion | Cortex
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| inner sections | medulla
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| dip in oval structure | pelvis
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| tube leading from kidney | ureter
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| dirty blood enters | renal artery
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| clean blood exists | renal vein
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| actual filtering unit of the kidney | nephron
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| How does the nephron filter blood? | Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
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| Filtration of blood mainly occurs in the | glomerulus
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