microbiology ucc 108
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| What is cytoplasm? (prokaryotic cell) | Everything surrounded by plasma membrane, 80% water, thick/aqueous/semi-transparent, elastic
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| What structures are included in cytoplasm? | Nuclear area( containing DNA), ribosomes, inclusions
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| What does nuclear area (nucleoid) contain? (prokaryotic cell) | A single, long, continuous, circularly arranged thread of double stranded DNA, no nuclear membrane, no histones, chromosome( attached to plasma membrane), plastids
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| What are plasmids? (prokaryotic cell) | Small circular double stranded DNA molecule which are extra chromosomal. Not crucial for survival. Carry genes for antibiotic resistance, production of toxins, synthesis of enzymes. Plasmids can be transferred from one cell to another.
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| What are ribosomes? (prokaryotic cell) | site of protein synthesis, present in the cytoplasm, 70s( composed of 2 units-50s larger, 30 s smaller)
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| What are inclusions? (prokaryotic cell) | (never enclosed by a membrane) reserve deposits of certain nutrients, also serve as basis for identification
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| What are meta-chromatic granules (volutin)? (prokarytic cell) | reserve of inorganic phospate (for ATP), by bacteria growing in sulfur rich area, characteristics of corynebacterium diphtheriae (causes diphtheria)
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| What are polysaccharide granules? (prokaryotic cell) | of glycogen and starch, energy reserves
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| What are lipid inclusions? (prokaryotic cell) | energy reserves
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| What are sulfur granules? (prokaryotic cell) | energy reserves
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| What are carboxysomes? (prokaryotic cell) | ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase for C02 fixation
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| What are gas vacuoles? (prokaryotic cell) | protein-covered cylinders
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| What are magnetosomes? (prokaryotic cell) | Iron oxide (destroys H202) in several gram negative bacteria
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| What are endospores? (prokaryotic cell) | specialized resting cells; highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers formed internal to the bacterial cell membrane when essential nutrients are depleted; allow a cell to survive environment changes
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| What is sporulation? (prokaryotic cell) | process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell ( when environment is unsuitable)
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| What is germination? (prokaryotic cell) | process of an endospore returning to its vegetative state triggered by breakdown in its coat and resumption of metabolism ( when environment becomes suitable for growth)
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| Flagella in Eukaryotic cell | contains cytoplasm, enclosed in plasma membrane consisting of 10 pairs of microtubules( 9+2 arrangement), creates wave-like movement, has tapering ends
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| Flagella and cilia (eukaroytic cell) | microtubules, made of protein tubulin, 9 pairs +2 arrangements of microtubules
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| Cell wall Eukaryotic cell | may or may not have cell wall. if present is simple than prokaryotic. Algae/plants=cellulose, fungi= chitin, yeast= glucan and mannan,
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| Plasma membrane (Eukaryotic cell) | fluid mosaic form, have sterols/carbs that serve a receptors that trigger various kinds of cell behavior, additional transport mechanisms (endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis)
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| Nucleus (Eukaryotic cell) | spherical or oval, largest structure, contains DNA, has nuclear envelope, has nucleoli, contains histones and nonhistone proteins, has many chromosomes
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| Ribosomes (Eukaryotic cell) | 80s with 60s and 40s subunits ( 70s inside chloroplasts, mitochondria), synthesize protein, RER bound =insertion in plasma membrane or export from cell, free=synthesize proteins to be used inside the cell
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (Eukaryotic cell) | extensive network of flattened membranous sacs of tubules continuous with nuclear envelope
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| Rough ER (Eukaryotic cell) | outer surface is studded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis; factory for synthesizing secretory proteins and membrane molecules
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| Smooth ER (Eukaryotic cell) | synthesizes phospholipids, fats, steroids; in liver= help increase glucose and detoxify drugs, in muscles=release calcium ions
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| Golgi Complex (Eukaryotic cell) | 1st step in protein transport, proteins from ER arrive in vesicle and release in the cisterns, protein are modified by enzymes to form glycoproteins, lipoproteins
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| Mitochondria (Eukaryotic cell) | power house, ATP production, double membranous, cristae= inner membrane arranged in series of folds, center = matrix that contains proteins that function in cellular respiration, also contains mitochondrial DNA, outer membrane= smooth
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| Chloroplasts (Eukaryotic cell) | if present, contains the pigment cholorophyll and enzymes for light-gathering phase of photosynthesis
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| Lysosomes (Eukaryotic cell) | formed from golgi complex, contain as many as 40 different kinds of powerful hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down various molecules and bacteria
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| Centrioloes (Eukaryotic cell) | pair of cylindrical structures, 9 clusters of 3 microtubules arranged in circular pattern ( 9+0); play role in formation of regeneration of cilia and flagella, also needed during cell division
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| Peroxisomes (Eukaryotic cell) | similar to lysosomes but not produced by golgi, contain 1 or more enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances, enzymes present also detoxify substances like alcohols, also contain enzyme catalase to detoxify hydrogen peroxide
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| Endosymbiotic Theory of Evolution (Eukaryotic cell) | larger bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells(living together); mitochondria probably o2 requiring heterotrophic bacteria, chloroplasts are descendants of photosynthetic bacteria
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