genetics and heredity
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| Alleles | different forms of a gene
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| Dominant | An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when it is present. It masks the recessive form of the trait
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| Egg | female sex cell (gamete) that contains only 1/2 the normal number of chromosomes
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| Sperm | male sex cell (gamete) that contains only 1/2 the normal number of chromosomes
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| Fertilization | fusion of a an male and female gamete to produce a zygote
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| Gamete | male or female sex cell, sperm or egg, contains only 1/2 the normal number of chromosomes
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| Genetics | the study of heredity
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| Genotype | combination of genes in an organism
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| Heredity | passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
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| Heterozygous | a pair of genes where one is the dominant allele and one is the recessive allele — they're different Dd Rr
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| Homozygous | a pair of genes where both are either dominant or recessive alleles--they've the same DD rr
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| Hybrid | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait. Hybrids are heterozygous for the trait
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| Phenotype | outward appearance of an organism,
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| Recessive | A trait that is masked when the dominant allele is present
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| Sexual Reproduction | Requires 2 parents - Results in offspring that are genetically different from the parents.
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| Trait | characteristic that is inherited; can be either dominant or recessive
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| Zygote | diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg
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| Gene | A unit of DNA that controls the development of a trait. It is located on a chromosome and is inherited from a parent through sexual reproduction.
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| Purebred | An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait. Purebreds are homozygous for the trait
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| Probability | A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.
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| Punnett Square | A chart that shows the possible combinations of alleles that result from a genetic cross
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| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid. A molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth of organisms.
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| Chromosome | A strand of DNA that is encoded with genes. Located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
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| DNA Replication | A process whereby the original (parent) strands of DNA in the double helix are separated and each one is copied to produce 2 new (daughter) strands
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| Asexual reproduction | Requires 1 parent. Results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
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| Deoxyribose | The sugar that is found in the backbone of DNA and to which the nitrogenous bases are attached
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| Nitrogenous bases | Nitrogen containing molecules that are found in DNA. An organisms genetic code is determined by the order of the bases in its DNA.
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| Nucleotides | The building blocks of DNA. Each nucleotide contains 1 nitrogenous base, one sugar (deoxyribose), and one phosphate group.
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| Double helix | The shape formed by two parallel lines that twist around each other
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| XX | The sex chromosome combination found in females
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| XY | The sex chromosome combination found in males
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| Incomplete dominance | When the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The offspring of a red and white flower might be pink instead of red or white..
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| Mutation | when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene
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