Summer school. Exam 1 material Chapters 1-5
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| Gross Anatomy | 1. Regional, 2. Systematic, 3. Surface
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| Study of cytology and histology | Microscopic Anatomy
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| Embryology | developmental changes that occur before birth= developmental anatomy
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| Levels of structural Organization | 1. chemical, 2. cellular, 3. Tissue, 4 Organ 5 organ system 6. organism
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| study of structure of body parts and their relationships to one another | Anatomy
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| the study of the function of the body | physiology
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| Composed of the skin, sweatglands, oil glands, hair. Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D | Integumentary system
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| Provides support and protection, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells | Skeletal
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| Provides movement, protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature, facilitates face expression | Muscular
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| male- produce sperm and hormones; female- prodcues female sex cells (ocytes) and hormones, supports developing emry from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish new born | Reproductive
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| Digestive | processes and digests food. Breaks down macromolecules
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| Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates directs immediate responses to stimuli , moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions | Nervous
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| Adjusts metabolic activity and energy uses by body, controls structural functional changes during development, | Endocrine
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| Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and CO2 | Cardiovascular
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| Defends against infection | lymphatic
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| Delivers air to alveoli, provides O2 to bloodstream, removes CO2 from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication | Respiratory
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| Conserves body water or elminates excesses | Urinary
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| maintains internal conditions. A dynamic state of equilibrium to maintain a constant environment | homeostasis
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| system where output shuts off the original stimulus. EX: REgulation of room temperature; glucose regulation. Body tries to restore to original state | negative feedback
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| System where the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus | positive feedback
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| Forms of energy | Chemical, electrical, mechanical (ATP), radiant
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| globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, REgulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions | Enzymes
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| proton donor (release H+ ions) lower pH, more H+ | Acid
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| proton acceptor, higher pH, more OH- | Base
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| Buffer | chemical system that regulates pH
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| Cell theory | 1. Basic structural and functional unit of living organism 2. Organism depends on cells 3. Biochemical activities of a cell are dictated by their organelles, 4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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| 3 major parts of a cell | Nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
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| Plasma membrane | composed of a double layer of phospholipids embedded with small amounts of cholesterol and proteins .
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| polar head (hydrophillic) non polar tail (hydrophobic) | phospholipid fluid mosaic of plasma membrane
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| attached to sugar groups which is attached to lipid. How cells will recognize one another. Found on the outer plasma membrane | glycolipids
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| stabilizes the membrane | cholesterol
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| Has a transmembrane, has transport channels and carriers and signal transduction | Integral protein
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| Attached to integral protein, enzyme and signaling proteins | Peripheral protein
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| Branchign sugar groups attached to proteins facing extracellular space | Glycocalyx
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| Functions of membrane protein | Transport- hydrophillic channel or pump
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| Intercellular joining | Example: stomach and GI tract do not want bacteria or stomach acid leaking through
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| Cell- Cell Recognition | glycoproteins- build up plaque on tooth - will pull away from gum
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| Large particles, macromolecules and fluids transport across.. | vesicular transport
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| Process used to move substances from inside the cell to the extracellular environment | Exocytosis
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| Process used to move substances from teh extracellular environment to inside the cell | Endocytosis
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| In a solute pump sodium... | Na+ wants to rush inside the cell because it is much higher outside the cell
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| In a solute pump potassium.. | K+ wants to rush outside the cell because its concentration is much higher inside the cell
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| High to low concentration area; nonpolar and lipid soluble | Diffusion
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| Passive process | Diffusion
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| Moves through the plasma membrane by protein carriers or by channels | Facilitated diffusion
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| Diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane; simple diffusion | Osmosis
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| Total concentration of solute particles in a solution | Osmolarity
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| How a solution affects cell volume | Tonicity
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| Isotonic | affect of tonicity, solutions with solute concentration = cytosol (saline)
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| Hypertonic | affect of tonicity-solutions solute concentration > cytosol (muscle will shrink or crenate)
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| Hypotonic | affect of tonicity- solutions solute concentration < cytosol (more water= expand and could burst or lyse
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| metabolic energy required | Active transport
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| finger like extensions that increase the surface area of a cell; cue of absorption | microvilli
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| Impermeable junction | Tight junction
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| Anchoring junction | Desmosomes
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| Nexus that allows chemicla substances to pass between cells | Gap junction
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| What are 2 plasma membrane Receptors? | Integral proteins and glycoproteins
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| Used for chemical signaling | ligands
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| source of energy-hydrolysis of ATP ; transport protein changes protein and pumps molecule against their concentration gradient | Primary active transport
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| Co-transport of 2 solutes | Secondary active transport
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| G protein-linked receptors | ligans bind to receptor which activates a G protein causing the release of a second messenger such as cyclic AMP * refer to cartoon*
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| What is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus? | Cytoplasm
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| What is the cellular power plant? | Mitochondria
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| What contains its own DNA and RNA and is maternal? | Mitochondria
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| Where does ATP synthesis take place? | Mitochondria
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| 2 membranes where the outer is smooth and the inner is cristae | Mitochondria
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| What is externally studded with ribosomes; cisterna, and phospholipid synthesis? | Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
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| ______ guides protein with signal sequence to RER receptor so protein can enter RER | signal recognition particle= SRP
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| Processing in RER lumen... | 1. signal sequence removed; 2. protein folding to active structure 3. Enclosed in vesicle for transport to GOLGI
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions: | 1. Lipid metabolism; 2. cholesterol synthesis 3. steroid hormones; 4. Drug and alcohol detoxification' breakdown of stored glycogen
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| What looks like a stack of pancakes; package, modify and transport protein? | Golgi Apparatus
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| part of golgi apparatus that receives from RER | Cis face
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| part of golgi apparatus that exits and ships | trans face
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| degradation | if cell makes a protein that does not really need= rids it in the golgi with _______
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| What contains digestive enzymes; acid; destruction of worn cell parts' and foreign particles? | Lysosomes
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| Apoptosis | cells not contained or dies because of corrupt signaling
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| What targets ingested bacteria; viruses; toxins; aged organelles; metabolic functions; non-useful tissues; and breakdown of bone for Ca2+? | lysosomes
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| What cell organelles function in supporting cellular structures and in generating cellular movement? | Cytoskeleton
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| What allows for spatial organization? | Cytoskeleton
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| Name the different types of rods in the cytoskeleton. | Microfilament, intermediat filament, microtubule
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| globular protein linked together and ______ proteins; gives strength to cell surface; attached to cytoplasmic site of cell membrane | microfilament
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| fibrobrous subunit; high _______ ________. | Intermediate filament
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| What gives the cell a shape and holds organelles in place; and is made of _________ protein? | Microtubule; tubulin
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| Where is the microtubule organizing center and where are these located? | centrioles- in cytoskeleton in centrosome near the nucleus
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| What are centrioles made up of and what is their function? | made up of triplets of microtubules and they organize spindle during cell division (mitosis). They also form the base of the cilia and flagella
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| What is the largest organelle and is the control center for the cell activity? | Nucleus
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| Describe the structure of the nucleus | Nuclear envelope (outer membrane); nuclear pores (things in cytosol enter and exit); nucleoli (where ribosomes assemble); chromatin (DNA and histones- form nucleosomes)
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| What are the paired cylinders that aid chromosome movement during mitosis? | Centrioles
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| What is grandular; threadlike; DNA and histone proteins; synthesis DNA genes? | Chromatin
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| What molecular components of lipid bilayer of plasma membrane possesses a charged polar head and an uncharged non-polar tail? | phospholipid
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| What cell structures are involved in propelling substances across cell surfaces? | cilia
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| How is DNA packed in the Nucleus? | 24 chromosomes (22 autosomal, 2 sex). It is diploid; 46 total (22X2)+2;
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| Genotype always reflects phenotype | FALSE
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| fundamental DNA packing unit | Nucleosome
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| bind DNA and wrap into chromosomes (beads on a string) | histones
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| When replicating chromosomes, the mitotic spindle attaches here: | Centromere
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| The end of each chromosome has this: It shortens every time the cell divides. It is also known as the biological clock. | Telomere
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| Why is a telomereic sequence of DNA (telomerase) said to be a biological clock? | Because it shortens to a point where division stops.
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| Detoxify harmful or toxic substances, neutralize dangerous free radicals | Peroxisomes
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| Cell cycle order: | Growth (G1), Synthesis (S), Growth (G2), mitosis, cytokinesis
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| Centriole pairs separate and mitotic spindle formed | Early and late prophase
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| Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center of cell | metaphase
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| Centromere of chromosome split and each chromatid becomes a chromosme in its own right. Separate to each pole | Anaphase
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| New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin. New nuclear membrane is formed | Telophase and cytokinesis
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| Division of the cell | Cytokinesis
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| When does DNA replication take place? | During the S phase (interphase)
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| Enzyme first needed in DNA replication | Helicase
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| What enzyme unwinds DNA at replication fork? | Helicase
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| What enzyme makes strand of nucleic acid ? | DNA polymerase
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| What controls cell division? What tells cell to keep pushing through? | cdk and cyclin; MPF
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| What regulates progression during cell division? | Cdk proteins
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| What does cyclin do during cell division? | reulates protein. Increase it and it will lead to cell division
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| What forms when cyclin and cdk fuse together? After fused and form new product... what does the new product do? | MPF- signaling switch that allow cell to go rom G2 to M phase
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| The control that is regulated by abundance: _____ | cyclin
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| the control that is regulated by activity:_____ | Cdk
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| What phase does the division of the nucleus take place in? | mitotic phase
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| Chromatin is condensed in this phase | Early prophase
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| Nuclear membrane fragmentation occurs during this phase | late prophase
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| chromosomal reach pole and extend during this phase | telophase
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| What happens when cell division is not under control? | Cancer
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| Tumor that is slow to grow | benign
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| Tumor that is non-encapsulated, rapid growth, and metastasis | malignant
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| What is cell transformation? | environment vs. genetics; carcinogens cause DNA mutation
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| what are p53, p16, and APC? | tumor suppressor genes that control cell division; They inactive carcinogens, aid in DNA repair, destroy cancerous cells
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| What does protein synthesis involve? | transcription and translation
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| Transfer of information from the sense strand of DNA to RNA; occurs in nucleus | transcription
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| production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription | translation
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| Codons | a triplet in the gene transcription
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| segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide chain or amino acid | Gene
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| DNA contains both ________- and _________ regions | coding and noncoding
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| spliced out of DNA- do not code for proteins | Introns
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| have triplet codons to make proton | exon
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| control point of whether transcription of gene will occur. Turns on or off gene | promoter
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| mRNA into protein and occurs in cytoplasm | translation
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| involves 3 types of RNA and what are they? | translation: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
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| what is the working copy of RNA in translation; what is being read? | mRNA
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| what is cytoplasmic RNA and consists of proteins | rRNA
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| What brings amino acid to ribosome so it can be added in the right order? It includes a head (anticodon) and a tail- binds amino acid | tRNA
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| Binding of amino acid to the tRNA requires what? | ATP; tRNA synthtase (enzyme attaches to proper tRNA
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| degradation of soluble cytosolic proteins; needs ATP | proteolysis
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| The tag for protein degradation | Ubiuitin
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| Proteolysis needs ATP for: | Damanged proteins (free radicals); incorrectly folded proteins (process error); aged/non needed proteins (cyclins)
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| complex of protein digesting enzymes; protein degraded to small peptides and amino acid | proteasome
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| Cell differentiation | move cells from being generic to specific: mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm
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| programmed cell death; protects cells against cells that have gone array | Apoptosis
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| Cellular toxin build up, free radical damage, glycosolation of proteins | environmental causes of apoptosis
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| Genetic causes of apoptosis | Only a finite number of cell divisions; telomere shortening, immortal cells- cancer
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| groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a related function. All the material between cells | Tissue
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| Types of tissue | Epithelial (covering), Connective (support), muscle (movement); nerve (control)
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| Sheet of cells lining a body surface or body cavity | Epithelium
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| Types of Epithelium | lining/ covering; grandular
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| Protection; absorption; filtration; excretion; secretion; sensory reception | Functions as an interface tissue
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| Characteristics of Epithelium | cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, supported by connective tissue; innervated nerves but avasuclar; regeneration
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| Lots of cells in a small area | cellularity (epithelium)
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| impermeable membrane in between cells- TIGHT junctions, microvili | Specialized contacts (epithelium)
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| Apical, basal, basal lumina | top of cell, bottom of cell, connective tissue under cell- Polarity (epithelium)
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| Basal surface | supported by connective tissue (epithelium)
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| No blood supply | Avascular (epithelium)
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| Can be restored after injury | Regeneration (epithelium)
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| flattened and scale like cells of epithelia | Squamous cells
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| boxlike cells of epithelia | cuboidal
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| tall column shaped cells of epithelia | columnar cells
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| one layer of cell in epithelia | simple
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| multiple layers of cells in epithelia | stratified
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| Epithelia where passage of material by diffusion and filtration where protection is NOT important | Simple Squamous
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| What class of cells of Epithelia are located in the kidney, lining of the heart and blood vessels? | simple squamous
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| What have a single layer of cube like cells with large sperical central nuclei? | simple cuboidal
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| Name the type of epithelia that is used for secretion and absoption | Simple cuboidal
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| What class of cells of Epithelia are located in the kindney tubules, ducts and surface of ovary? | simple cuboidal
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| Which Epithelia class protects underlying tissues in the areas subjected to abrasion? | stratified squamous
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| In stratified squamous epithelia cells, basal cells are _____ or _____ and _______ active | cuboidal or columnar and metabollically active
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| What cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers? | Basal cells of the stratified squamous
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| Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina | Stratified Squamous
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| Which epithelia cell is both stratified squamous and stratifed cuboidal? | transitional epithelium
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| Transitional epithelium is both ________ and _________ | stratifed squamous and stratified cuboidal
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| Which epithelia cell stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine | Transitional epithelium
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| Which epithelia cells lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra? | transitional epithelium
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| This epithelia celll is found in the pharynex, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. it also occurs at transition areas or junctions between 2 other types of epithelia | Stratifed columnar epithelium
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| ONLY its apical layer of cells is columnar | Stratified columnar epithelum
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| Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product, secretion made of protein | gland
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| Types of glandular epithelium glands | Endocrine glans, Exocirne glands, multicellular, unicellular exocrine glands
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| What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands? | Endocrine- duct less, exocrine has a duct
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| Which gland produces hormones secreted directly into the extracellular space (basal lamina) get into blood stream | Endocrine glands
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| What epithelia gland is multicellular and secetes through a duct into bodies or cavities | Exocrine glands
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| This gland includes mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, bile | Exocrine gland
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| Which 2 types of glandular epithelium have no ducts? | Unicellular Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands
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| Gland that has a epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit of secretory cells | Multicelluar Exocrine glands
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| Which gland is scattered in an epithelial sheet with other cell types and include goblet cells | Unicellular Exocrine glands
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| Unbranched duct | Simple multicellular exocrine glands
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| Branched duct | compound multicelluar exocrine glands
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| Tubular vs alveolar vs tubuloavelolar | secretory cells form tubes, secretory cells form small flask like sacs (small hollow cavity), secretory cells have both types
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| Ways in which multicellular exocrine glands secrete their products | Merocrine glands and holocrine glands
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| secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produces | merocrine gland
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| Secretory cells are not altered in any way Pancreas, most sweat glands and salivary glands belong to this class of secretory cells | Merocrine glands
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| Secretory cells of _____________glands accumulate their products within them until they rupture | holocrine gland
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| This gland secretions include the synthesized product plus dead cell fragments. they die for their cause | holocrine gland
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| Examples of this gland secretion include sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin. | Holocrine gland
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| What allows for homeostatic control? | nervous and endocrine systems and negative feedback
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| The response of the effector is to depress or end the original stimulus adn the physiological function is maintained within a narrow range... | Negative feedback
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| Cellular cytoplasm, is primarily composed of this substance | proteins
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| Includes collagen and hemoglobin | protein
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| What is the start codon that initiates transcription? | ATG
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| What regulates RNA? | splicing, stability, transport
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| Name the germ layers of cell determination | mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm
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| Germ layer: endoderm, what is the tissue type? | Mucosae, glands (epithelial)= tissue type
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| Tissue type: muscle, what is the germ layer? | Mesoderm= germ layer
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| Tissue type: Nerve tissue, what is the germ layer? | germ layer: ectoderm
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| Tissue type: bone, what is the germ layer? | germ layer: mesoderm
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| Germ layer: Ectoderm, what is the tissue type? | Tissue type: Epidermis
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| Germ layer: Mesoderm, what is the tissue type? | Tissue type: Mesothelium
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| An epithelium "built" to withstand friction is: | Stratified Squamous
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| Functions of keratin include: | Waterproofing, providing toughness
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| The gland type that secretes its product continuously by exocytosis into a duct is: | merocrine
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| Functions of connective tissue: | Binding, support, protection, repair
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| The original embryonic connective tissue is: | mesenchyme
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| What gives fibrous elements a connective tissue high tensile strength? | Collagen fibers
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| What cell types secretes histamine and perhaps heparin? | Mast cells
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| Resistance to stress applied in a longitudinal direction is provided best by which tissue? | Dens regular connective tissue
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| What type of connective tissue prevents muscles from pulling away from bone during contraction? | Dense regular connective tissue
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| Holds large volumes of water, Has no nerve endings, grows both appositionally and interstitially | Cartilage
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| Serous membranes always produce serous fluid adn mucous membranes always secrete mucus | FALSE
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| Both serous and mucous membranes | contain an epithelium plus a layer of loose connective tissue
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| Teh epithelical type is ________ in all serous membranes but there are _________ epithelical types in mucous membranes | the same in all serous membranes but there are differnt epithelical types in ________
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| What membrane line closed body cavities? | Serous membranes
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| What membranes line body caviteis open tto the outside? | Mucous membranes
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| Which connective tissue forms the embryonic skeleton, covers surfaces of bones at joints, and reinforeces the trachea? | Hyaline cartilage
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| Which connective tissue is firm, slightly rubbery matrix, milky white and glassy in appearance? | Hyaline Cartilage
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| Connective tissue that stores fat and insulates the body | Adipose tissue
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| Composes the basement membrane, surrouns and cusions blood vessesl and nerves; its gel-like matrix contains all categores of fibers and many cell types | Areolar connective tissue
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| Which connective tissue has parallel bundles of collagenic fibers that provide strength; found in tendones | Dense regular connective tissue
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| Which connective tissue is found on the skin dermis? | Dense irregular connective tissue
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| Which connective tissue is found in external ear and auditory tube? | Elastic cartilage
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| Which connective tissue forms the stretchy ligameints of the vertebral column? | Elastic connective tissue
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| Which connective tissue contains collagenous fibersr; found in intervertebral discs? | Fibrocartilage
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| connective tissue that is found in the umbilical cord | mucous connective
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| Hardest tissue of our skull cap | osseous tissue
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| Tissue's cells are arranged in concentric circles around a nutrient canal; matrix is hard due to calcium salts | Osseous tissue
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| Tissue that makes supporing tframework of lymphoid organs | Reticular connective tissue
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| Tissue that provies the medium for nutrient transport throughout the body | Vascular tissue
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| Composed of ground substance and structural protein fibers | Matrix of connective tissue
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| Composed of glycoproteins and water-binding glycosaminoglycans | Ground substance of connective tissue
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| Tough protein fibers that resist stretching or longitudinal tearing | Collagen fibers
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| Primary bone marrow cell type that remains actively mitotic | Hemocytoblast
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| Fine, branching protein fibers that construct a supportive network | Reticular fibers
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| Large, irrgulary shaped cells, widely distributed, often found in CT ; they engulf cellular debris and foreign matter and are active in immunity | Macrophages
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| The medium through which nutrients and other substances diffuse | Ground Substance
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| Living elements that maintain the firm, flexible matrix in cartilage | Chondrocytes
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| Randomly coiled protein fibers that recoil after being stretched | Elastic fibers
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| The structural element of areolar tissue that is fluid and provides a reservoir of water and salts for neighboring tissues | Ground substance
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| In a loose CT, the nondividing cells that store nutrients | Adipocytes
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| Teh embryonic tissue that gives rise to all types of CT | Osteocytes
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| Cellular elements that produce the collagen fibers of bone matrix | Osteoblasts
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| The nonspecifc response of the body to injury is called: | Inflammation
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| Intact capillaries near an injuy dilate, leaking plasma, bloodcells, and_________ , which cause the blood to clot. The clot at the surface dries to form a scar | clotting proteins
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| During Organization, the first phase of tissue repair, capillary buds invade the clot forming a delicate pink tissue called_____ tissue | Granulation
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| ________- synthesize fibers across the gap | fibroblasts
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| When damage is not too severe, the surface epithelium migrates beneath the dry scab and across the surface of the granulation tissue. This repair process is called ________ | proliferation
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| If tissue damage is very sever, tissue repair is more likely to occur by ______ or sarring | fibrosis
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| During fibrosis, fibroblasts in the granulation tissue lay down ________ fibers , which form a strong, compact , but inflexible mass | Collagen
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| The repair of cardiac muscle and nervous tissue occurs only by ______ | fibrosis
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| ______ is replacement of a blood clot by granulation tissue | Organization
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| Granulation tissue resists infection by secreting _________ substances | bacteria-inhibiting
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| Problems associated with _________ include shrinking, loss of elasticiity and formation of adhesions | Fibrosis
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| What is proteoglycan | Protein plus sugar - it is in ground substance. It traps water and regulates GS viscosity
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| Protein that forms coiled strands; can be cord or sheet | Collagen
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| Specialized collagen that can stretch tissue and will recoil into native shape | Elastic fiber
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| Fine fiber, basement membrane where 2 tissues connect, important for connective tissue epithelial cell connections | Reticular fibers
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| Gives rise to all connective tissue | Mesenchyme
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| Cellular decedents of Mesencyhme include: | Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hemtopoetic stem cell
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| Fibroblast is under what class of connective tissue | Connective tissue proper--> Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and Dense connective tissue (reticular , irregular, elastic
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| What cellular descendant of mesenchyme acts as a binding tissue, resists mechanical stress (tension) | Fibroblast
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| Chondroblast's class of connective tissue resulting is what? | Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, fibrocatilage, Elastic cartilage
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| What cellular descendant of mesenchyme resists compression; cushions and supports body structures? | Chondroblast
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| What cellular descendant of mesenchyme has rigidness that resists compressiona dn tension; support? | Osteoblast
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| Osteoblast is a descendant of mesenchyme ; what class of connective tissue is it under? | Osseous (bone)= Compact and spongy
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| What cellular descendant of mesenchyme has fluid tissue; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and wastes? | Hematopoietic stem cell
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| Hematopoietic stem cell forms what? | blood cells and macrophages
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| What connective tissue does hematopoietic stem cell form? | blood- blood cell formation and differentiation.
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| Fibroblast | Collagen
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| Chondroblast | cartilage
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| Osteoblast | bone
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| Hematopoietic | Red and white blood cells
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| Loose connnective tissue include what? | Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
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| Areolar has what types of fibers and what is it important for? | - loose connective tissue = collagen and elastic fibers, important in inflammation, first layer in epiderms, wraps and cussions organs
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| This loose connective tissue supports and protects organs, insulates, and reserve food fuel | Adipose
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| This ___________ traps and filters things. It is located in the spleen and kidney | Loose connective tissue; reticular
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| Dense connective tissue includes: | Dense regular and Dense irregular
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| This connective tissue attaches muscles to bones, Stress is linear EX: tendon or ligament | Dense Regular Connective tissue
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| This connective tissue is able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; it is found in the digestive tract | Dense Irregular connective tissue
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| 3 types of cartilage | Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and firocartilage
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| Supports and reinforces and compresison forces and binds, most abundant, lots of ground substance EX: rib cage, end of bones, nose | Hyaline cartilage
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| Can be pulled and return to shape EX: in ear and epiclottis | Elastic cartilage
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| Where hyaline meets a ligament Tough, dense, lots of collagen EX: disks in knee joints and intervertbral disk | fibrocartilage
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| Cutaneous membrane | SKIN
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| Keratinizes stratified squamous epithelium | Epidermis
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| Areolar and dense irregular connective tissue dry membrane | Dermis
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| Line body cavity open to exterior, lamina propria, stratified squamour or simple columnar epithelical, reticular fibers | mucus membrane
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| Found in close ventral cavities, not exposed to outside = simple squamous or loose areolar connective tissue. Around lungs, herat, GI, abdomin | Serous membrane
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| Enriches fluid with hyaluranic acid- lubricating fluid | Serous membrane
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| Tissue injury stimulates what? | Inflammatory responses and Immune response
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| What response to tissue injury is non-specific? | Inflammatory
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| Which response to tissue injury is slower and attacks against invaders? | Immune response
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| Is immune response non-specific? | No
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| What goes on in the inflammation stage of tissue injury? | Chemical reaction: injured cells, macrophages, mast cells, clotting proteins and then 2. Increase capillary permeability , fluid leakage, seal off wound, fluid accumulation- swelling , sensitive nerve endins and then 3. Clot formation stops bleeding
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| What is the second stage of tissue injury repair and what goes on during it? | Organization and restore blood supply- granulation tissue is formed (pink tissue under scab)- capillaries form, collagen, macrophages
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| What is the 3rd stage of tissue injury repair? | Regeneration and fibrosis- Regeneration (epithelium, macrophages, Fibrosis (connective tissue
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| Regeneration and fibrosis | organization restores blood supply= permanent repair
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| Epidermis | Stratified squamous epithilium
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| Keratinocytes, langerhan cells, merkell cells, and meloncytes are in what part of the skin? | Epidermis
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| Which cell type is dead at the surface of epidermis? | Keratinocytes
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| Which cell type has sensory nerve endings and receptors for touch in the epidermis? | Merkell cells
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| Which cell type is found in the deepest layer of the skin? | Melonocytes
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| Do layers of Epidermis have a blood supply? | No
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| Which layer of the skin is closest to the blood supply? | Stratum Basal
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| Which layer of skin has keratinized epithelial cells, merkel cells? | Stratum basal
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| What layer is above the stratum basale? | Stratum spinosum
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| Layer of skin that is not very thick and accumulates keratohyline granules | Stratum granolosum m
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| Which layer of skin has dead keratocytes and is the protective layer? | Stratum corneum
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| Layer of skin that increases surface area and has the basement membrane reticular fibers | Dermis layer of connective tissue
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| Name the 2 layers of the dermis | Dermal papillary layer and the reticular layer
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| Which layer of skin can be used for finger prints? | Dermal papillary
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| Which layer of skin has the hair root, nerve endings, larger blood vessels, and sweat glands? | Reticular layer of the Dermis
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||||
| Which layer in the dermis is capable of standing stress from different directions? | Reticular layer
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|
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| Which Layer in the dermis has ariolar connective tissue | Dermal Papillary
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| Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the reticular layer which is what layer of skin? | Dermis
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| merocrine | sweat glands
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| Derivatives of epidermis with role of maintaining homeostasis | Skin appendages
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|
||||
| Sudoriferous glands | sweat glands
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|
||||
| Secrete watery substances and sweat | Eccrine
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|
||||
| 2 types of sweat glands | Eccrine, apopcrine
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|
||||
| sweat glands in axillary and anogenital area | apocrine
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|
||||
| sweat gland with ducts that empty into hair follicles | apocrine
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|
||||
| Sweat glands with high density on soles of feet, palms, forehead | Eccrine
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||||
| ______- secrete sweat + fatty substances and proteins; milky color, androgen regulation | Apocrine
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||||
| Oil | Sebacceous glands (aveolar)
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|
||||
| These glands are everywhere except palms and soles of feet | sebaceous glands
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|
||||
| This gland secretes sebum (halocrine) | Sebaceous gland
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|
||||
| Sweat gland that lubricates, slows water loss, prevents brittleness in hair, bactericidal and stimulated by adrogen | Sebaceous sweat gland
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|
||||
| Hair is everywhere on your body except: | palms soles of feet, lips, neipples, external genetalia
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|
||||
| What is hair made up of? | Dead keratinized cells
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|
||||
| What is the part of the hair projecting from skin? | Shaft
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|
||||
| The _______ part of hair is embedded in the dermis | Root
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|
||||
| What are the 3 main regions of the shaft? | Medula, cortex, cuticle
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|
||||
| Where is the Medula and what does it consist of? | shaft; hollow tube after exits skin, core, only in thick hair
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|
||||
| Part of hair that has long , slender cells | cortex
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|
||||
| Outer layer of hair | cuticle
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|
||||
| What part of hair extends from epidermal surface into dermis? | Hair follicle
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|
||||
| The ______ has a root hair plexus (nerve endings? | Hair follicle
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|
||||
| 2 types of hair | Terminal and vellus
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|
||||
| Thick hair | terminal
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|
||||
| hair with no medulla | vellus
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|
||||
| balding men go from ______ to _______ | terminal to vellus
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|
||||
| Baby cheeks | vellus
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|
||||
| fine hair | vellus
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|
||||
| How long does hair grow and in what amount of time? | 2.5 mm per week
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|
||||
| Alopecia | hair thinning,
🗑
|
||||
| Frank baldness | genetically AND sex influenced. males have DHT that causes hair follicles to go through short cycles
🗑
|
||||
| we lose ____ hairs per day | 90
🗑
|
||||
| types of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, meanoma
🗑
|
||||
| sun exposure, least malignant, stratum cell proliferate and invade dermis | Basal cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Skin cancer in which Keratinocytes of the stratus spinosum, grows rapidly | Squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Most dangerous skin cancer | Meanoma
🗑
|
||||
| Identify skin cancer | ABCD
🗑
|
||||
| ABCD | a-symmetry, Border irregularity; indentations in border, Color- pigmented spot contains several black spots, Diameter larger than 6mm (pencil eraser)
🗑
|
||||
| Burns only the epidermis, localized redness, swelling and pain | First degree burn
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|
||||
| Epidermis and upper regions fo dermis are damaged | Second degree burn
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|
||||
| Entire thickness of skin is damaged. Burned area is gray-white, cherry red, or black. No pain | Third degree burn
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|
||||
| What are considered critical burns? | over 25 % of body has 2nd degree burn; over 10% of body has 3rd degree burn; 3rd degree burns on face ands or feet
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|
||||
| Used to estimate body fluid loss; divides body into 11 regions | Rule of Nines
🗑
|
||||
| Does cartilage grow? | Yes
🗑
|
||||
| How does cartilage grow? | appositonal (outside) and interstitial growth (within)
🗑
|
||||
| Lacunae chondrocytes proliferate/ secrete matrix, happens in center of cartilage | interstitial growth
🗑
|
||||
|
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|
|||||
|
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|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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