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ANAT/PHYS ch. 1-5
Summer school. Exam 1 material Chapters 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gross Anatomy | 1. Regional, 2. Systematic, 3. Surface |
| Study of cytology and histology | Microscopic Anatomy |
| Embryology | developmental changes that occur before birth= developmental anatomy |
| Levels of structural Organization | 1. chemical, 2. cellular, 3. Tissue, 4 Organ 5 organ system 6. organism |
| study of structure of body parts and their relationships to one another | Anatomy |
| the study of the function of the body | physiology |
| Composed of the skin, sweatglands, oil glands, hair. Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D | Integumentary system |
| Provides support and protection, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells | Skeletal |
| Provides movement, protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature, facilitates face expression | Muscular |
| male- produce sperm and hormones; female- prodcues female sex cells (ocytes) and hormones, supports developing emry from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish new born | Reproductive |
| Digestive | processes and digests food. Breaks down macromolecules |
| Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates directs immediate responses to stimuli , moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions | Nervous |
| Adjusts metabolic activity and energy uses by body, controls structural functional changes during development, | Endocrine |
| Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and CO2 | Cardiovascular |
| Defends against infection | lymphatic |
| Delivers air to alveoli, provides O2 to bloodstream, removes CO2 from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication | Respiratory |
| Conserves body water or elminates excesses | Urinary |
| maintains internal conditions. A dynamic state of equilibrium to maintain a constant environment | homeostasis |
| system where output shuts off the original stimulus. EX: REgulation of room temperature; glucose regulation. Body tries to restore to original state | negative feedback |
| System where the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus | positive feedback |
| Forms of energy | Chemical, electrical, mechanical (ATP), radiant |
| globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, REgulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions | Enzymes |
| proton donor (release H+ ions) lower pH, more H+ | Acid |
| proton acceptor, higher pH, more OH- | Base |
| Buffer | chemical system that regulates pH |
| Cell theory | 1. Basic structural and functional unit of living organism 2. Organism depends on cells 3. Biochemical activities of a cell are dictated by their organelles, 4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis |
| 3 major parts of a cell | Nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane |
| Plasma membrane | composed of a double layer of phospholipids embedded with small amounts of cholesterol and proteins . |
| polar head (hydrophillic) non polar tail (hydrophobic) | phospholipid fluid mosaic of plasma membrane |
| attached to sugar groups which is attached to lipid. How cells will recognize one another. Found on the outer plasma membrane | glycolipids |
| stabilizes the membrane | cholesterol |
| Has a transmembrane, has transport channels and carriers and signal transduction | Integral protein |
| Attached to integral protein, enzyme and signaling proteins | Peripheral protein |
| Branchign sugar groups attached to proteins facing extracellular space | Glycocalyx |
| Functions of membrane protein | Transport- hydrophillic channel or pump |
| Intercellular joining | Example: stomach and GI tract do not want bacteria or stomach acid leaking through |
| Cell- Cell Recognition | glycoproteins- build up plaque on tooth - will pull away from gum |
| Large particles, macromolecules and fluids transport across.. | vesicular transport |
| Process used to move substances from inside the cell to the extracellular environment | Exocytosis |
| Process used to move substances from teh extracellular environment to inside the cell | Endocytosis |
| In a solute pump sodium... | Na+ wants to rush inside the cell because it is much higher outside the cell |
| In a solute pump potassium.. | K+ wants to rush outside the cell because its concentration is much higher inside the cell |
| High to low concentration area; nonpolar and lipid soluble | Diffusion |
| Passive process | Diffusion |
| Moves through the plasma membrane by protein carriers or by channels | Facilitated diffusion |
| Diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane; simple diffusion | Osmosis |
| Total concentration of solute particles in a solution | Osmolarity |
| How a solution affects cell volume | Tonicity |
| Isotonic | affect of tonicity, solutions with solute concentration = cytosol (saline) |
| Hypertonic | affect of tonicity-solutions solute concentration > cytosol (muscle will shrink or crenate) |
| Hypotonic | affect of tonicity- solutions solute concentration < cytosol (more water= expand and could burst or lyse |
| metabolic energy required | Active transport |
| finger like extensions that increase the surface area of a cell; cue of absorption | microvilli |
| Impermeable junction | Tight junction |
| Anchoring junction | Desmosomes |
| Nexus that allows chemicla substances to pass between cells | Gap junction |
| What are 2 plasma membrane Receptors? | Integral proteins and glycoproteins |
| Used for chemical signaling | ligands |
| source of energy-hydrolysis of ATP ; transport protein changes protein and pumps molecule against their concentration gradient | Primary active transport |
| Co-transport of 2 solutes | Secondary active transport |
| G protein-linked receptors | ligans bind to receptor which activates a G protein causing the release of a second messenger such as cyclic AMP * refer to cartoon* |
| What is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus? | Cytoplasm |
| What is the cellular power plant? | Mitochondria |
| What contains its own DNA and RNA and is maternal? | Mitochondria |
| Where does ATP synthesis take place? | Mitochondria |
| 2 membranes where the outer is smooth and the inner is cristae | Mitochondria |
| What is externally studded with ribosomes; cisterna, and phospholipid synthesis? | Rough Endoplasmic reticulum |
| ______ guides protein with signal sequence to RER receptor so protein can enter RER | signal recognition particle= SRP |
| Processing in RER lumen... | 1. signal sequence removed; 2. protein folding to active structure 3. Enclosed in vesicle for transport to GOLGI |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions: | 1. Lipid metabolism; 2. cholesterol synthesis 3. steroid hormones; 4. Drug and alcohol detoxification' breakdown of stored glycogen |
| What looks like a stack of pancakes; package, modify and transport protein? | Golgi Apparatus |
| part of golgi apparatus that receives from RER | Cis face |
| part of golgi apparatus that exits and ships | trans face |
| degradation | if cell makes a protein that does not really need= rids it in the golgi with _______ |
| What contains digestive enzymes; acid; destruction of worn cell parts' and foreign particles? | Lysosomes |
| Apoptosis | cells not contained or dies because of corrupt signaling |
| What targets ingested bacteria; viruses; toxins; aged organelles; metabolic functions; non-useful tissues; and breakdown of bone for Ca2+? | lysosomes |
| What cell organelles function in supporting cellular structures and in generating cellular movement? | Cytoskeleton |
| What allows for spatial organization? | Cytoskeleton |
| Name the different types of rods in the cytoskeleton. | Microfilament, intermediat filament, microtubule |
| globular protein linked together and ______ proteins; gives strength to cell surface; attached to cytoplasmic site of cell membrane | microfilament |
| fibrobrous subunit; high _______ ________. | Intermediate filament |
| What gives the cell a shape and holds organelles in place; and is made of _________ protein? | Microtubule; tubulin |
| Where is the microtubule organizing center and where are these located? | centrioles- in cytoskeleton in centrosome near the nucleus |
| What are centrioles made up of and what is their function? | made up of triplets of microtubules and they organize spindle during cell division (mitosis). They also form the base of the cilia and flagella |
| What is the largest organelle and is the control center for the cell activity? | Nucleus |
| Describe the structure of the nucleus | Nuclear envelope (outer membrane); nuclear pores (things in cytosol enter and exit); nucleoli (where ribosomes assemble); chromatin (DNA and histones- form nucleosomes) |
| What are the paired cylinders that aid chromosome movement during mitosis? | Centrioles |
| What is grandular; threadlike; DNA and histone proteins; synthesis DNA genes? | Chromatin |
| What molecular components of lipid bilayer of plasma membrane possesses a charged polar head and an uncharged non-polar tail? | phospholipid |
| What cell structures are involved in propelling substances across cell surfaces? | cilia |
| How is DNA packed in the Nucleus? | 24 chromosomes (22 autosomal, 2 sex). It is diploid; 46 total (22X2)+2; |
| Genotype always reflects phenotype | FALSE |
| fundamental DNA packing unit | Nucleosome |
| bind DNA and wrap into chromosomes (beads on a string) | histones |
| When replicating chromosomes, the mitotic spindle attaches here: | Centromere |
| The end of each chromosome has this: It shortens every time the cell divides. It is also known as the biological clock. | Telomere |
| Why is a telomereic sequence of DNA (telomerase) said to be a biological clock? | Because it shortens to a point where division stops. |
| Detoxify harmful or toxic substances, neutralize dangerous free radicals | Peroxisomes |
| Cell cycle order: | Growth (G1), Synthesis (S), Growth (G2), mitosis, cytokinesis |
| Centriole pairs separate and mitotic spindle formed | Early and late prophase |
| Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center of cell | metaphase |
| Centromere of chromosome split and each chromatid becomes a chromosme in its own right. Separate to each pole | Anaphase |
| New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin. New nuclear membrane is formed | Telophase and cytokinesis |
| Division of the cell | Cytokinesis |
| When does DNA replication take place? | During the S phase (interphase) |
| Enzyme first needed in DNA replication | Helicase |
| What enzyme unwinds DNA at replication fork? | Helicase |
| What enzyme makes strand of nucleic acid ? | DNA polymerase |
| What controls cell division? What tells cell to keep pushing through? | cdk and cyclin; MPF |
| What regulates progression during cell division? | Cdk proteins |
| What does cyclin do during cell division? | reulates protein. Increase it and it will lead to cell division |
| What forms when cyclin and cdk fuse together? After fused and form new product... what does the new product do? | MPF- signaling switch that allow cell to go rom G2 to M phase |
| The control that is regulated by abundance: _____ | cyclin |
| the control that is regulated by activity:_____ | Cdk |
| What phase does the division of the nucleus take place in? | mitotic phase |
| Chromatin is condensed in this phase | Early prophase |
| Nuclear membrane fragmentation occurs during this phase | late prophase |
| chromosomal reach pole and extend during this phase | telophase |
| What happens when cell division is not under control? | Cancer |
| Tumor that is slow to grow | benign |
| Tumor that is non-encapsulated, rapid growth, and metastasis | malignant |
| What is cell transformation? | environment vs. genetics; carcinogens cause DNA mutation |
| what are p53, p16, and APC? | tumor suppressor genes that control cell division; They inactive carcinogens, aid in DNA repair, destroy cancerous cells |
| What does protein synthesis involve? | transcription and translation |
| Transfer of information from the sense strand of DNA to RNA; occurs in nucleus | transcription |
| production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription | translation |
| Codons | a triplet in the gene transcription |
| segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide chain or amino acid | Gene |
| DNA contains both ________- and _________ regions | coding and noncoding |
| spliced out of DNA- do not code for proteins | Introns |
| have triplet codons to make proton | exon |
| control point of whether transcription of gene will occur. Turns on or off gene | promoter |
| mRNA into protein and occurs in cytoplasm | translation |
| involves 3 types of RNA and what are they? | translation: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
| what is the working copy of RNA in translation; what is being read? | mRNA |
| what is cytoplasmic RNA and consists of proteins | rRNA |
| What brings amino acid to ribosome so it can be added in the right order? It includes a head (anticodon) and a tail- binds amino acid | tRNA |
| Binding of amino acid to the tRNA requires what? | ATP; tRNA synthtase (enzyme attaches to proper tRNA |
| degradation of soluble cytosolic proteins; needs ATP | proteolysis |
| The tag for protein degradation | Ubiuitin |
| Proteolysis needs ATP for: | Damanged proteins (free radicals); incorrectly folded proteins (process error); aged/non needed proteins (cyclins) |
| complex of protein digesting enzymes; protein degraded to small peptides and amino acid | proteasome |
| Cell differentiation | move cells from being generic to specific: mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm |
| programmed cell death; protects cells against cells that have gone array | Apoptosis |
| Cellular toxin build up, free radical damage, glycosolation of proteins | environmental causes of apoptosis |
| Genetic causes of apoptosis | Only a finite number of cell divisions; telomere shortening, immortal cells- cancer |
| groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a related function. All the material between cells | Tissue |
| Types of tissue | Epithelial (covering), Connective (support), muscle (movement); nerve (control) |
| Sheet of cells lining a body surface or body cavity | Epithelium |
| Types of Epithelium | lining/ covering; grandular |
| Protection; absorption; filtration; excretion; secretion; sensory reception | Functions as an interface tissue |
| Characteristics of Epithelium | cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, supported by connective tissue; innervated nerves but avasuclar; regeneration |
| Lots of cells in a small area | cellularity (epithelium) |
| impermeable membrane in between cells- TIGHT junctions, microvili | Specialized contacts (epithelium) |
| Apical, basal, basal lumina | top of cell, bottom of cell, connective tissue under cell- Polarity (epithelium) |
| Basal surface | supported by connective tissue (epithelium) |
| No blood supply | Avascular (epithelium) |
| Can be restored after injury | Regeneration (epithelium) |
| flattened and scale like cells of epithelia | Squamous cells |
| boxlike cells of epithelia | cuboidal |
| tall column shaped cells of epithelia | columnar cells |
| one layer of cell in epithelia | simple |
| multiple layers of cells in epithelia | stratified |
| Epithelia where passage of material by diffusion and filtration where protection is NOT important | Simple Squamous |
| What class of cells of Epithelia are located in the kidney, lining of the heart and blood vessels? | simple squamous |
| What have a single layer of cube like cells with large sperical central nuclei? | simple cuboidal |
| Name the type of epithelia that is used for secretion and absoption | Simple cuboidal |
| What class of cells of Epithelia are located in the kindney tubules, ducts and surface of ovary? | simple cuboidal |
| Which Epithelia class protects underlying tissues in the areas subjected to abrasion? | stratified squamous |
| In stratified squamous epithelia cells, basal cells are _____ or _____ and _______ active | cuboidal or columnar and metabollically active |
| What cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers? | Basal cells of the stratified squamous |
| Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina | Stratified Squamous |
| Which epithelia cell is both stratified squamous and stratifed cuboidal? | transitional epithelium |
| Transitional epithelium is both ________ and _________ | stratifed squamous and stratified cuboidal |
| Which epithelia cell stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine | Transitional epithelium |
| Which epithelia cells lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra? | transitional epithelium |
| This epithelia celll is found in the pharynex, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. it also occurs at transition areas or junctions between 2 other types of epithelia | Stratifed columnar epithelium |
| ONLY its apical layer of cells is columnar | Stratified columnar epithelum |
| Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product, secretion made of protein | gland |
| Types of glandular epithelium glands | Endocrine glans, Exocirne glands, multicellular, unicellular exocrine glands |
| What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands? | Endocrine- duct less, exocrine has a duct |
| Which gland produces hormones secreted directly into the extracellular space (basal lamina) get into blood stream | Endocrine glands |
| What epithelia gland is multicellular and secetes through a duct into bodies or cavities | Exocrine glands |
| This gland includes mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, bile | Exocrine gland |
| Which 2 types of glandular epithelium have no ducts? | Unicellular Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands |
| Gland that has a epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit of secretory cells | Multicelluar Exocrine glands |
| Which gland is scattered in an epithelial sheet with other cell types and include goblet cells | Unicellular Exocrine glands |
| Unbranched duct | Simple multicellular exocrine glands |
| Branched duct | compound multicelluar exocrine glands |
| Tubular vs alveolar vs tubuloavelolar | secretory cells form tubes, secretory cells form small flask like sacs (small hollow cavity), secretory cells have both types |
| Ways in which multicellular exocrine glands secrete their products | Merocrine glands and holocrine glands |
| secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produces | merocrine gland |
| Secretory cells are not altered in any way Pancreas, most sweat glands and salivary glands belong to this class of secretory cells | Merocrine glands |
| Secretory cells of _____________glands accumulate their products within them until they rupture | holocrine gland |
| This gland secretions include the synthesized product plus dead cell fragments. they die for their cause | holocrine gland |
| Examples of this gland secretion include sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin. | Holocrine gland |
| What allows for homeostatic control? | nervous and endocrine systems and negative feedback |
| The response of the effector is to depress or end the original stimulus adn the physiological function is maintained within a narrow range... | Negative feedback |
| Cellular cytoplasm, is primarily composed of this substance | proteins |
| Includes collagen and hemoglobin | protein |
| What is the start codon that initiates transcription? | ATG |
| What regulates RNA? | splicing, stability, transport |
| Name the germ layers of cell determination | mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm |
| Germ layer: endoderm, what is the tissue type? | Mucosae, glands (epithelial)= tissue type |
| Tissue type: muscle, what is the germ layer? | Mesoderm= germ layer |
| Tissue type: Nerve tissue, what is the germ layer? | germ layer: ectoderm |
| Tissue type: bone, what is the germ layer? | germ layer: mesoderm |
| Germ layer: Ectoderm, what is the tissue type? | Tissue type: Epidermis |
| Germ layer: Mesoderm, what is the tissue type? | Tissue type: Mesothelium |
| An epithelium "built" to withstand friction is: | Stratified Squamous |
| Functions of keratin include: | Waterproofing, providing toughness |
| The gland type that secretes its product continuously by exocytosis into a duct is: | merocrine |
| Functions of connective tissue: | Binding, support, protection, repair |
| The original embryonic connective tissue is: | mesenchyme |
| What gives fibrous elements a connective tissue high tensile strength? | Collagen fibers |
| What cell types secretes histamine and perhaps heparin? | Mast cells |
| Resistance to stress applied in a longitudinal direction is provided best by which tissue? | Dens regular connective tissue |
| What type of connective tissue prevents muscles from pulling away from bone during contraction? | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Holds large volumes of water, Has no nerve endings, grows both appositionally and interstitially | Cartilage |
| Serous membranes always produce serous fluid adn mucous membranes always secrete mucus | FALSE |
| Both serous and mucous membranes | contain an epithelium plus a layer of loose connective tissue |
| Teh epithelical type is ________ in all serous membranes but there are _________ epithelical types in mucous membranes | the same in all serous membranes but there are differnt epithelical types in ________ |
| What membrane line closed body cavities? | Serous membranes |
| What membranes line body caviteis open tto the outside? | Mucous membranes |
| Which connective tissue forms the embryonic skeleton, covers surfaces of bones at joints, and reinforeces the trachea? | Hyaline cartilage |
| Which connective tissue is firm, slightly rubbery matrix, milky white and glassy in appearance? | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Connective tissue that stores fat and insulates the body | Adipose tissue |
| Composes the basement membrane, surrouns and cusions blood vessesl and nerves; its gel-like matrix contains all categores of fibers and many cell types | Areolar connective tissue |
| Which connective tissue has parallel bundles of collagenic fibers that provide strength; found in tendones | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Which connective tissue is found on the skin dermis? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| Which connective tissue is found in external ear and auditory tube? | Elastic cartilage |
| Which connective tissue forms the stretchy ligameints of the vertebral column? | Elastic connective tissue |
| Which connective tissue contains collagenous fibersr; found in intervertebral discs? | Fibrocartilage |
| connective tissue that is found in the umbilical cord | mucous connective |
| Hardest tissue of our skull cap | osseous tissue |
| Tissue's cells are arranged in concentric circles around a nutrient canal; matrix is hard due to calcium salts | Osseous tissue |
| Tissue that makes supporing tframework of lymphoid organs | Reticular connective tissue |
| Tissue that provies the medium for nutrient transport throughout the body | Vascular tissue |
| Composed of ground substance and structural protein fibers | Matrix of connective tissue |
| Composed of glycoproteins and water-binding glycosaminoglycans | Ground substance of connective tissue |
| Tough protein fibers that resist stretching or longitudinal tearing | Collagen fibers |
| Primary bone marrow cell type that remains actively mitotic | Hemocytoblast |
| Fine, branching protein fibers that construct a supportive network | Reticular fibers |
| Large, irrgulary shaped cells, widely distributed, often found in CT ; they engulf cellular debris and foreign matter and are active in immunity | Macrophages |
| The medium through which nutrients and other substances diffuse | Ground Substance |
| Living elements that maintain the firm, flexible matrix in cartilage | Chondrocytes |
| Randomly coiled protein fibers that recoil after being stretched | Elastic fibers |
| The structural element of areolar tissue that is fluid and provides a reservoir of water and salts for neighboring tissues | Ground substance |
| In a loose CT, the nondividing cells that store nutrients | Adipocytes |
| Teh embryonic tissue that gives rise to all types of CT | Osteocytes |
| Cellular elements that produce the collagen fibers of bone matrix | Osteoblasts |
| The nonspecifc response of the body to injury is called: | Inflammation |
| Intact capillaries near an injuy dilate, leaking plasma, bloodcells, and_________ , which cause the blood to clot. The clot at the surface dries to form a scar | clotting proteins |
| During Organization, the first phase of tissue repair, capillary buds invade the clot forming a delicate pink tissue called_____ tissue | Granulation |
| ________- synthesize fibers across the gap | fibroblasts |
| When damage is not too severe, the surface epithelium migrates beneath the dry scab and across the surface of the granulation tissue. This repair process is called ________ | proliferation |
| If tissue damage is very sever, tissue repair is more likely to occur by ______ or sarring | fibrosis |
| During fibrosis, fibroblasts in the granulation tissue lay down ________ fibers , which form a strong, compact , but inflexible mass | Collagen |
| The repair of cardiac muscle and nervous tissue occurs only by ______ | fibrosis |
| ______ is replacement of a blood clot by granulation tissue | Organization |
| Granulation tissue resists infection by secreting _________ substances | bacteria-inhibiting |
| Problems associated with _________ include shrinking, loss of elasticiity and formation of adhesions | Fibrosis |
| What is proteoglycan | Protein plus sugar - it is in ground substance. It traps water and regulates GS viscosity |
| Protein that forms coiled strands; can be cord or sheet | Collagen |
| Specialized collagen that can stretch tissue and will recoil into native shape | Elastic fiber |
| Fine fiber, basement membrane where 2 tissues connect, important for connective tissue epithelial cell connections | Reticular fibers |
| Gives rise to all connective tissue | Mesenchyme |
| Cellular decedents of Mesencyhme include: | Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hemtopoetic stem cell |
| Fibroblast is under what class of connective tissue | Connective tissue proper--> Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and Dense connective tissue (reticular , irregular, elastic |
| What cellular descendant of mesenchyme acts as a binding tissue, resists mechanical stress (tension) | Fibroblast |
| Chondroblast's class of connective tissue resulting is what? | Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, fibrocatilage, Elastic cartilage |
| What cellular descendant of mesenchyme resists compression; cushions and supports body structures? | Chondroblast |
| What cellular descendant of mesenchyme has rigidness that resists compressiona dn tension; support? | Osteoblast |
| Osteoblast is a descendant of mesenchyme ; what class of connective tissue is it under? | Osseous (bone)= Compact and spongy |
| What cellular descendant of mesenchyme has fluid tissue; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and wastes? | Hematopoietic stem cell |
| Hematopoietic stem cell forms what? | blood cells and macrophages |
| What connective tissue does hematopoietic stem cell form? | blood- blood cell formation and differentiation. |
| Fibroblast | Collagen |
| Chondroblast | cartilage |
| Osteoblast | bone |
| Hematopoietic | Red and white blood cells |
| Loose connnective tissue include what? | Areolar, Adipose, Reticular |
| Areolar has what types of fibers and what is it important for? | - loose connective tissue = collagen and elastic fibers, important in inflammation, first layer in epiderms, wraps and cussions organs |
| This loose connective tissue supports and protects organs, insulates, and reserve food fuel | Adipose |
| This ___________ traps and filters things. It is located in the spleen and kidney | Loose connective tissue; reticular |
| Dense connective tissue includes: | Dense regular and Dense irregular |
| This connective tissue attaches muscles to bones, Stress is linear EX: tendon or ligament | Dense Regular Connective tissue |
| This connective tissue is able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; it is found in the digestive tract | Dense Irregular connective tissue |
| 3 types of cartilage | Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and firocartilage |
| Supports and reinforces and compresison forces and binds, most abundant, lots of ground substance EX: rib cage, end of bones, nose | Hyaline cartilage |
| Can be pulled and return to shape EX: in ear and epiclottis | Elastic cartilage |
| Where hyaline meets a ligament Tough, dense, lots of collagen EX: disks in knee joints and intervertbral disk | fibrocartilage |
| Cutaneous membrane | SKIN |
| Keratinizes stratified squamous epithelium | Epidermis |
| Areolar and dense irregular connective tissue dry membrane | Dermis |
| Line body cavity open to exterior, lamina propria, stratified squamour or simple columnar epithelical, reticular fibers | mucus membrane |
| Found in close ventral cavities, not exposed to outside = simple squamous or loose areolar connective tissue. Around lungs, herat, GI, abdomin | Serous membrane |
| Enriches fluid with hyaluranic acid- lubricating fluid | Serous membrane |
| Tissue injury stimulates what? | Inflammatory responses and Immune response |
| What response to tissue injury is non-specific? | Inflammatory |
| Which response to tissue injury is slower and attacks against invaders? | Immune response |
| Is immune response non-specific? | No |
| What goes on in the inflammation stage of tissue injury? | Chemical reaction: injured cells, macrophages, mast cells, clotting proteins and then 2. Increase capillary permeability , fluid leakage, seal off wound, fluid accumulation- swelling , sensitive nerve endins and then 3. Clot formation stops bleeding |
| What is the second stage of tissue injury repair and what goes on during it? | Organization and restore blood supply- granulation tissue is formed (pink tissue under scab)- capillaries form, collagen, macrophages |
| What is the 3rd stage of tissue injury repair? | Regeneration and fibrosis- Regeneration (epithelium, macrophages, Fibrosis (connective tissue |
| Regeneration and fibrosis | organization restores blood supply= permanent repair |
| Epidermis | Stratified squamous epithilium |
| Keratinocytes, langerhan cells, merkell cells, and meloncytes are in what part of the skin? | Epidermis |
| Which cell type is dead at the surface of epidermis? | Keratinocytes |
| Which cell type has sensory nerve endings and receptors for touch in the epidermis? | Merkell cells |
| Which cell type is found in the deepest layer of the skin? | Melonocytes |
| Do layers of Epidermis have a blood supply? | No |
| Which layer of the skin is closest to the blood supply? | Stratum Basal |
| Which layer of skin has keratinized epithelial cells, merkel cells? | Stratum basal |
| What layer is above the stratum basale? | Stratum spinosum |
| Layer of skin that is not very thick and accumulates keratohyline granules | Stratum granolosum m |
| Which layer of skin has dead keratocytes and is the protective layer? | Stratum corneum |
| Layer of skin that increases surface area and has the basement membrane reticular fibers | Dermis layer of connective tissue |
| Name the 2 layers of the dermis | Dermal papillary layer and the reticular layer |
| Which layer of skin can be used for finger prints? | Dermal papillary |
| Which layer of skin has the hair root, nerve endings, larger blood vessels, and sweat glands? | Reticular layer of the Dermis |
| Which layer in the dermis is capable of standing stress from different directions? | Reticular layer |
| Which Layer in the dermis has ariolar connective tissue | Dermal Papillary |
| Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the reticular layer which is what layer of skin? | Dermis |
| merocrine | sweat glands |
| Derivatives of epidermis with role of maintaining homeostasis | Skin appendages |
| Sudoriferous glands | sweat glands |
| Secrete watery substances and sweat | Eccrine |
| 2 types of sweat glands | Eccrine, apopcrine |
| sweat glands in axillary and anogenital area | apocrine |
| sweat gland with ducts that empty into hair follicles | apocrine |
| Sweat glands with high density on soles of feet, palms, forehead | Eccrine |
| ______- secrete sweat + fatty substances and proteins; milky color, androgen regulation | Apocrine |
| Oil | Sebacceous glands (aveolar) |
| These glands are everywhere except palms and soles of feet | sebaceous glands |
| This gland secretes sebum (halocrine) | Sebaceous gland |
| Sweat gland that lubricates, slows water loss, prevents brittleness in hair, bactericidal and stimulated by adrogen | Sebaceous sweat gland |
| Hair is everywhere on your body except: | palms soles of feet, lips, neipples, external genetalia |
| What is hair made up of? | Dead keratinized cells |
| What is the part of the hair projecting from skin? | Shaft |
| The _______ part of hair is embedded in the dermis | Root |
| What are the 3 main regions of the shaft? | Medula, cortex, cuticle |
| Where is the Medula and what does it consist of? | shaft; hollow tube after exits skin, core, only in thick hair |
| Part of hair that has long , slender cells | cortex |
| Outer layer of hair | cuticle |
| What part of hair extends from epidermal surface into dermis? | Hair follicle |
| The ______ has a root hair plexus (nerve endings? | Hair follicle |
| 2 types of hair | Terminal and vellus |
| Thick hair | terminal |
| hair with no medulla | vellus |
| balding men go from ______ to _______ | terminal to vellus |
| Baby cheeks | vellus |
| fine hair | vellus |
| How long does hair grow and in what amount of time? | 2.5 mm per week |
| Alopecia | hair thinning, |
| Frank baldness | genetically AND sex influenced. males have DHT that causes hair follicles to go through short cycles |
| we lose ____ hairs per day | 90 |
| types of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, meanoma |
| sun exposure, least malignant, stratum cell proliferate and invade dermis | Basal cell carcinoma |
| Skin cancer in which Keratinocytes of the stratus spinosum, grows rapidly | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Most dangerous skin cancer | Meanoma |
| Identify skin cancer | ABCD |
| ABCD | a-symmetry, Border irregularity; indentations in border, Color- pigmented spot contains several black spots, Diameter larger than 6mm (pencil eraser) |
| Burns only the epidermis, localized redness, swelling and pain | First degree burn |
| Epidermis and upper regions fo dermis are damaged | Second degree burn |
| Entire thickness of skin is damaged. Burned area is gray-white, cherry red, or black. No pain | Third degree burn |
| What are considered critical burns? | over 25 % of body has 2nd degree burn; over 10% of body has 3rd degree burn; 3rd degree burns on face ands or feet |
| Used to estimate body fluid loss; divides body into 11 regions | Rule of Nines |
| Does cartilage grow? | Yes |
| How does cartilage grow? | appositonal (outside) and interstitial growth (within) |
| Lacunae chondrocytes proliferate/ secrete matrix, happens in center of cartilage | interstitial growth |
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