C17FINAL
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| autonomic NS | (part of the PNS) responsible for assessing and maintaing the body's internal environment
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| somatic NS | (part of the PNS) responsible for the body's interaction with the environment
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| sympathetic NS | (part of the ANS) fight or flight
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| parasympathetic NS | facilitates relaxation and replenishment
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| parasympathetic rebound | extreme compensatory response of ones system to exreme activation of the other- can lead to fainting, ulcers, voodoo death
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| retina | composed of neurons, multilayered, rear inner wall of eyeball
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| cochlea | snail-shaped coiled tube with t fluid filled chambers (s. vestibuli, s. media, s. tympani)
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| otolith organs | detect changes in head tilt
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| hair cells | receptors embedded in gelatinous substance on which sit calcium carbonate crystals
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| semi-circular canals | detect angular ac/de-celeration; 3 looped canals filled with potassium rich endolymph
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| olfactory bulb | recieves input from smell receptors in nasal cavity; important for exchange with rest of Lim. system - responsible for emo-mem-evoking capacity of smell
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| nociceptors | free nerve endings that respond to pain and itch
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| thermoceptors | free nerve endings that respond to change in temp
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| encapsulated nerve endings | responds to TOUCH and PROPIOCEPTION (internal muscle and organ movement)
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| cranial nerves | nerves that emerge directly from the brain stem in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord
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| neuro-muscular junction | where neurons release NT that depolarizes muscle fiber cells >> contraction
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| striate | skeletal and facial muscles; band of parallel fibers
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| meninges | support structure between brain and skull; 3 layers :dura, arachnoid, pia
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| ventricles | hallow, interconnected cavities in brain, produces CSF
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| brainstem | structures along the center most sectionf bran: medulla, pons, midbrain (tectum, tegmentum), thalamus, and hypothalamu
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| raphe nuclei | part of pons, involved in sleep; releases serotonin
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| reticular formation | network of cells moving through hind and mid brain; involved in arousal
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| dorsal/ventral root | part of the spinal chord through which sensory info enters vs through which motor info exits
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| Bell-magendi law | 'law' governing dorsal/ventral info flow
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| hindbrain | medulla, pons, cerebellum
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| medulla | control vital relfexes (breathing, heartrate, vomitting..); includes the cochlear nucleus and superior olive (auditory pathway)
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| pons | relays info between cortex and cerebellum and brain and spinal chord; includes Locus Coerucleus that is in charge of PGO waves (sleep cycles)
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| cerebellum | "little brain"; organizes sensory info that guides movement, modified by learning; critical in timing of actions and shifting of ; in cerebellar cortex, Parallel fibers like wires along long rows of "telephone poles" called Purkinje Cells
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| midbrain | central structures above hindbrain; tectum and tegmentum
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| tectum | part of SENSORY pathway to brain; consist of SUPERIOR COLLICULUS (vision/blindsight) and INFERiOR COLLICULUS (audition)
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| tegmentum | major MOTOR pathway; includes RED NUCLEUS and SUBSTANTIA NIGRA w/ dopaminergic neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease
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| periaquaductal gray area (PAG) | midbrain area that is the source of blocking pain info that enters brain
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| substansia nigra | midbrain structure whose dopaminergic axons synapse in Basal Ganglia
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| red nucleus | cortico spinal pathway stops at this midbrain structure on way from cortex to medulla and chord
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| thalamus | primary source of input to cerebral cortex; all sensory systems (except olfaction) have nuclei here. (MGN, LGN, VPN)
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| limbic system | involved in motivational and emotional behavior; includes hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus...
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| Hypothalamus | oversees the 4Fs & temp and clock via neural and hormonal connections to esp the ANS; controls endrocrine (harmone) system via affect on PITUITARY GLAND
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| hippocampus | important in forming new memories
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| amygdala | important in emotional expression; stimulation of particular regions lead to typical reaction...
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| cingulate gyrus | "limbic cortex"; involved with =/- emotions, recieves from decision making frontal cortex..
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| basal ganglia | caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus; involved in control of movement, planned/sequential behaviors, and mediated by memory or emotions
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| basal forebrain | arousal, attention... recieves from hypothalamus and basal ganglia --> projects to cortex releasing excitatory ACh
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| magnification | in cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of low convergence
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| topological | type of map that preserves spatial relationships
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| across fiber coding | when a stimulus is coded through the RATIO of response across multiple cells
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| convergence | when multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to one post-synaptic cell
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| divergence | when one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells
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| columnar organization | in cortex, six layers of cells; all cells within a given column of perceptual cortex show same "preferred stimulus"
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| occipital lobe | visual cortex, striate cortex, v2, v4, dorsal stream, ventral stream
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| striate cortex | V1, where simple cells are- gives its best responses to lines of particular orientation
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| v2 | where complex cells give best response to moving lines of particular orientation
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| ventral stream | parvocellular pathway, who/what
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| dorsal stream | magnocellular pathway/ where/how
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| occipital lobe | lobe of cortex, posterior, primarily involved in visual processing, including V1
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| temporal lobe | lobe of cortex, lateral, primarily involved in auditory processing (A1 and wernickes) and higher visual (IT)
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| parietal lobe | lobe of the cortex posterior to the central sulcus, primarily involved in somatosensory and visio-spatial maps
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| frontal lobe | lobe of the cortex anterior central sulcus, motor control including Broca's Area, and in prefrontal area, strategy and control
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| proliferation | the production of new cells
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| migration | the movement of cells from their place of origin to their later position
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| differentiation | the process for migrating neurons to vary in structure and function (cell-autonomous diff. vs induction)
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| synaptogenesis | developing junctions between cells
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| fire together- wire together | co-activated cells tend to be strengthened in the connectivity and out-compete neighboring cells
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| dendritic branching | new outgrowths on, or subdividing of, the process that recieve NT, in response to an enriched environment, learning, etc
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| neurotrophins | chemicals that attract/repel and promote survival and activity of neurons
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| stem cells | ectodermal cells that line the inside of the neural tube (the ventricular zone)
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| corpus callosum | bundle of axons communicating between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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| optic chiasm | A point near the thalamus and hypothalamus at which portions of each optic nerve cross.
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| parvo-cellular pathway | visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows" along bottom of cortex
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| magno-cellular pathway | visual pathway specialized for motion and localization, "flows" along top part of cortex
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| dorso-lateral tract | where sensory info goes in spinal chord
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| ventro-medial tract | where motor info goes out spinal chord
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| retino-hypothalamic path | path of optic nerve collateral that connects special visual receptors in eyes directly to clock
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| crossover | the crossing over of info between right and left lobes of brain
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| dendrites | processes (branches) of a neuron that recieves the incoming message
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| axon | end of neuron that releases the outgoing messages
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| concentration gradient | difference in the amount of a given chemical outside/inside a cell
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| electrical gradient | a difference in charge outside/inside a cell
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| resting potential | (-70mV) difference in charge o/i of a polarized cell ready to fire
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| sodium/potassium pump | energy requiring pump that helps restore membrane potential after cell fires
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| hypo-polarization | more difference (in charge) between inside and outside of cell
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| hyper-polarization | less difference between inside and outside of cell
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| depolarization | change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative.
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| actional potential | a sequence of depolarization that moves along an axon, resulting in the all or nothing release of NT
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| refractory period | period following an actionl potential during which the cell cannot fire
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| graded potential | a greater or lesser change in the polarity of a neuron that results in a greater or lesser release of NT
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| glial cells | cells in the NS responsible for support, feeding, recycling, development, etc
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| myelination | glial cells wrapping around sections of an axon to insulate it and speed its info transmission
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| ionic conduction | propagation of info down an axon by way of chemical gates opening and closing
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| electrical conduction | propagation of info down an axon by way flow of electron
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| saltatory conduction | "jumping" electrical conduction that occurs in myelinated axons
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| spontaneous activity | graded potentials that rlease variable amounts of NT
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| interneurons | A nerve cell found entirely within the central nervous system that acts as a link between sensory neurons and motor neurons.
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| pre-synaptic cell | the cell that releases the NT
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| post-synaptic cell | the cell that receives the NT
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| synaptic cleft | the gap between cells across which NT passively floats
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| vesicles of NT/exocytosis | packets of NT released by a neuron; the release of NT into cleft via its packet opening at a fusion pore in the cell's membrane
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| receptor sites | area, usually on a dendrite, that ins specialized for the attachment of NT
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| ionotropic effects | when NT has a direct effect on ion channels in post-synaptic cells
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| metabotropic effects | when NT has an indirect effect via internal metabolic processes
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| reuptake | process by which NTs or their components re-enter the presynaptic cell for re-use
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| autoreceptors | sites on presynaptic terminal that reacts to that cells own NT, usually acting to turn off/down that cells further NT release
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| EPSP | an increase in a cells likelihood of releasing neurotransmitter
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| IPSP | a decrease in a cell's likelihood of releasing NT
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| Axo-axonal | relating to or being a synapse between an axon of one neuron and an axon of another
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| K+,Na+,Ca++,Cl-,Mg++ | 4 key elements in neural function, 3 postive ions and 1 negative
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| Receptive field | sensory neuron is a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron
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| lateral inhibition (bidirectional, unidirectional) | exaggerates differences
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| across fiber coding- selective adaptation | RATIO of activity across multiple receptor types
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| hebbian cell assemblies | fire together ,wire together
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| neurotransmitters | chemicals that neurons release that impact nearby neurons
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| neuromodulators | chemicals that diffuse over long distances, affecting many cells, not necessarily trigggering firing but altering likelihood of a neuron
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| hormones | chemicals found in the bloodstream
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| agonism | the increased effect of a NT
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| antagonism | the decreased effect of a NT
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| glutamate (AMPA & NMDA) | crucial for long term potentiation; released by reticular formation; most common excitatory NT in CNS
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| GABA | Inhibitory NT, admits Cl- into cells, whose agonists are used to combat anxiety;
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| ACh (acetycholine) | primary NT exiting CNS; released by reticular formation to alert brain; released by effector neurons to contract muscles
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| Serotonin (5HT) | low turnover associated with impulsiveness, agression and depression; released by raphe nuclei- high at the end of REM
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| turnover (5-HIAA) | reuptake and resynthesis,as determined by levels of metabolite 5-HIAA in blood
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| Dopamine | released by nucleus accumbens in response to sexual stimulation
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| Norepinepherine (NE) | released by locus coerucleus; absent during dreams
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| Epinepherine/Adrenalin (E) | NT during fight or fight
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| Endorphins | peptide with opiate liek effect; released by PAG
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| Substance P | released by pain receptors and others cells in pain pathway
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| Melatonin | produced by pineal gland to aid sleep
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| Androgens (testosterone, androstenedione) | male hormone
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| Estrogens (estradiol) | female hormone
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| Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone | released by the hypothalamus via blood vessel to the anterior pituary gland to produce the gonadotrophin hormone that facillitates puberty
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| Leutinizing Hormone (LH)& Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | two gonadotropic homrones that stimulate development and behavior in both genders
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| Oxytocin | hormone released by posterior pituitary at time of orgasm
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| prolactin | hormone released by anterior pituitary for refractory period in Males and milk production in Females
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| cortisol | stress hormone
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| tetes-determining factor (TDF) | enzyme produced by "switch" on male chromosome that leads to the development of gender
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| Apha-Feto protein | chemical in fetal blood that prevents mother's hormones from entering fetal cells and masculinizing fetus
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| pituitary gland | the "master" gland
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| pineal gland | gland that produces a harmone that impacts on hypothalamux to increase sleepiness
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| adrenal gland | produces adrenaline and the androgen androstenedione (for hair growth)
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| phineas gage | patient who had damage done to his prefrontal cortex/amygdala
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| H.M. | famous epilepsy patient had hippocampus, amygdala, & some temporal cortex removed.. suffered anterograde amnesia
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| Classical conditioning | developed association between stimul, esp involving an unconditioned response
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| lateralization | dominance of one hemisphere of cerebral cortex over the other for a particular function
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| brocas aphasia | deficits in producing or comprhending grammatical speech; subjects are aware of and highly frustrated by deficits. Symptoms include articulation difficulties, agrammatism, and anomia
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| wernickes aphasia | deficits in the comprehension and production of meaningful speech; subjects are UNAWARE of deficits; symptoms include fluent articulation, anomia, nonsensical speech, & incomprehension
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| conduction aphasia | damage to arcuate fasiculus (bundle of axons forming reciprocal connections between B's A and W's A); symptoms include meaningful, fluent speech, fairly good comprehension, but POOR REPETITION
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| long term potentiation | semi-permanent structural and connectivity changes, via variety of mechanisms (post-synaptic, pre-synaptic, genetics, neurogenesis)
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| declarative memory | Episodic (personal history), semantic/associative (facts) memory that involves the hippocampus and mediodorsal thalamus
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| procedural memory | motor skills, HOW to do things memory that involves the cerebellum and striatum
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| spatial memory | recall of specific locations, spatial judgments of familiarity that involves the hippocampus
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| cognitive map | map of environment that hippocampus develops (spatial memory)
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| anterograde amnesia | inability to form new memories
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| penfield map | name of topological map of body surface found there
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| mirror cells | cells in premotor cortex that respond to image of self, or other, performing familar manual task
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| blood-brain barrier | semi-permeable barrier, controls which chemicals enter brain, created by closing gaps between capillaries' endothelial cells
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| REM | rapid eye movement; stage of sleep associated with dream
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| Stage 1 | theta activity
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| Stage 2 | mostly theta activity; but with many spindles and K complexes
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| Stage 3 | delta activity in less than 50% of this stage(low freq, higher voltage, very synchronized)
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| Stage 4 | delta activity in more than 50% of this stage(low freq, higher voltage, very synchronized)
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| Slow wave sleep | another term for sleep 3&4: its low freq. EEG and highly synchronized activity
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| EEG | used to characterize brain activity during differnt states of wakefulness/sleep
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| Reflexes | most involve spinal chord circuits; stretch, golgi, pain withdrawal, scratch, infant
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| Prospagnosia | face-blindness, is when you are unable to recognize other humans by their faces in spite of having good eye sight.
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| Parkinson's Disease | result of decreased stimulation of the motor cortex by the basal ganglia, normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of dopamine, which is produced in the dopaminergic neurons of the brain.
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| Urbach-Weith Disease | degenerative calcium buildup in amygdala that results in deficits in interpretting facial expressions
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| Epilepsy | caused by abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain
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| LIP | lateral interPositus nucleus of cerebellum.. damage to this area prevents one from learning procedures?
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