biology ch. 6 terms
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| autotroph | an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms
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| photosynthesis | the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
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| heterotroph | an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials
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| light reaction | initial reactions in photosynthesis, triggered by the absorption of light by photosystems I and II and include the passage of electrons along the electron transport chains, the production of NADPH and oxygen gas, and the synthesis of ATP through chemiosm
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| thylakoid | a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis
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| granum | a stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast
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| stroma | in plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast
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| pigment | a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color
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| chlorophyll | a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates
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| caretenoid | a class of pigments that are present mostly in plants and that aid in photosynthesis
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| photosystem | in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules that harvest light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis
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| primary electron acceptor | the acceptor of the electrons lost from chlorophyll a is a molecule in the thylakoid membrane
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| electron transport chain | a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane
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| chemiosmosis | in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP
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| calvin cycle | a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP
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| carbon fixation | the process in which a substance that contains carbon, such as plant materials, is reduced into a carbon film
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| stomata | small pores that rapidly lose water to the air through small pores under hot and dry conditions. located under the leaves
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| c4 pathway | a carbon-fixing process in which carbon dioxide is bound to a compound to form a four-carbon intermediate
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| CAM pathway | a biochemical pathway in certain plants in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic acids at night and released for fixation in the Calvin cycle during the day
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| chloroplast | an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
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