OCNG Ch. 6-10
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| plane of ecliptic | line that connects all points of earth's orbit around sun
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| seasons caused by | tilt of earths axis
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| vernal equinox | march 21; spring; sun directly over equator; equal length of day & night; AKA spring equinox in NH
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| summer solstice | june 21; sun is at most northerly position directly overhead of tropic of cancer; sun appears to pause (longer day) before beginning its next six month cycle
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| tropic of cancer | 23.5 N
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| autumnal equinox | september 23; sun is directly over equator again
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| winter solstice | december 22; sun directly overhead of tropic of capricorn;
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| suns declination | angular distance from equator (either 23.5N or 23.5S = tropics)
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| tropics | receive more annual sunlight than poles
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| albedo | percentage of radiation that is reflected back to space depending on the type of material----sea ice covered by snow has high albedo while soil, rock, vegetation, etc. does not
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| avg earth surface albedo | 30%
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| ocean reflects more radiation at | high latitudes
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| earths atmo | N is 78% & O is 21%
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| troposphere | lowermost portion of atmo; 12km/7mi; where weather is formed; lower T as altitude rises
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| warm air | less dense bc heat makes molecules expand so rises
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| cold air | more dense so sinks
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| convection cell | warm air rises; cold air sinks
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| warm air can hold | more water vapor than cold air bc its molecules are moving faster & can interact w the water vapor
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| addition of water vapor | decreases the density of air
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| water vapor has | lower density than air; humid air is LESS DENSE than dry air
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| moving air | wind = ALWAYS FROM HIGH P TO LOW P
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| NH coriolis effect | water drains CCW
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| SH coriolis effect | water drains CW
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| coriolis effect | changes path of moving object
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| coriolis effect dir in NH | right (perspective)
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| coriolis effect dir in SH | left (perspective)
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| coriolis is an effect of | earth rotation towards E----the difference in earths rotation SPEED at different latitudes
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| earths rotational speed faster | closest to equator
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| coriolis effect max | poles
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| coriolis effect nonexistant | equator
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| hadley cell | cold & warm air circulation between 0-30N & 0-30S
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| ferrel cell | cold & warm air circulation betw. 30N-60N & 30S-60S
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| polar cell | cold & warm air circulation above 60N-90N and above 60S-90S
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| subtropical highs | descending cold air; areas of high pressure (dry & clear skies)
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| polar highs | descending cold air; areas of high pressure (dry & clear skies)
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| equatorial low | rising warm air; areas of low pressure (cloudy & rainy bc warm air cools and can't hold on to water vapor)
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| subpolar low | rising warm air; areas of low pressure (cloudy & rainy bc warm air cools and can't hold on to water vapor)
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| trade winds | air blown from subtropical highs to equatorial lows
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| NE trade winds | NH so blow to the right
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| SE trade winds | SH so blow to the left
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| doldrums | boundary betw. the two trade winds at equator ------intertropical convergence zone (calm waters)
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| horse latitudes | boundaries betw. trade winds and prevailing westerlies (light winds + dry and fair)
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| polar front | boundaries betw. prevailing westerlies and polar regions (cloudy and rainy)
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| monsoon winds | Asian seasonal shifts in atmospheric pressure (winter--high; summer---low)
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| equatorial | 0-5 degrees; doldrums boundary; low P; light winds; cloudy & rainy; hurricanes
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| 5-30 degrees | trade winds wind belt; strong steady winds from E (NE & SE)
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| 30 degrees | horse latitudes boundaries; high P; light winds; dry & clear; major deserts
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| 30-60 degrees | prevailing westerlies wind belt; from W; brings storm that influence U.S weather
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| 60 | polar front boundaries; low P; variable winds; stormy & cloudy yearound
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| 60-90 | polar easterlies wind belt; cold dry winds from E
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| poles | 90 degrees; polar high P boundary; variable winds; clear, dry, cold, desert regions, minimal rain
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| coriolis force greatest at | the poles
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| coriolis force almost non existent at | the equator
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| why lots of deserts at 30S and 30N latitudes? | bc subtropical dry air
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| as you increase in elevation | atmospheric pressure decreases
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| cool dense air | sinks, high surface pressure
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| warm moist air | rises, low surface pressure
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| coriolis effect moves path of moving object in the NH towards | the R
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| coriolis effect moves path of moving object in the SH towards | the L
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| earth rotates towards the | east
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| there are diff _____ at diff ________ bc of earths rotation | speeds ; latitudes (faster at equator & slower at poles)
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| winds---air always moves from | high pressure to low pressure
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| cyclonic flow in low pressure NH | CCW
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| cyclonic flow in low pressure SH | CW
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| anticyclonic flow in high pressure NH | CW
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| anticyclonic flow in high pressure SH | CCW
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| anticyclonic | high pressure
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| cyclonic | low pressure
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| low pressure | rising air (warm)
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| high pressure | sinking air (cold)
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| tropical cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons | large rotating makes of low pressure; classified by max. speed of wind sustained
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| conditions needed for a hurricane | 25C/77F (warm water needed for water vapor to atmo via evaporation); warm moist air to supply vast amounts of latent heat; coriolis effect gives rotation to storm
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| storm surge | increase in shoreline sea level
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| open ocean climate is | sort of // to latitude lines (warmer at center and colder at sides) w exception of currents [england at high latitude but not as cold]
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| sea ice | forms directly from seawater; needle-like crystals become slush--->slush becomes pancake ice--->pancake ices form ice floes
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| iceberg formation | break off from glaciers
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| ocean currents | masses of water that flow from one place to another
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| surface currents | wind driven; primarily horizontal direction; only 10% of ocean water; occur above pycnocline; slower than corresponding wind bc friction of wind & ocean; generally follow wind belts pattern
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| deep currents | driven by density differences caused by diff salinity & temperature (low T & high salinity = high density); vertical & horizontal motions
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| surface currents: gyres | large circular loops of moving water driven by major wind belts
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| surface currents: subgyres | centered around 30 degree latitude; bounded by equatorial current; western, northern, southern, and eastern boundary currents
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| surface currents: ekman spiral | balance betw. friction and coriolis effect; direction & flow of surface waters at diff depths; direction of spiral is PERPENDICULAR to wind
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| surface currents: ekman transport | avg. movement of surface waters, 90 degrees to R in NH; 90 degrees to L in SH
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| surface currents: top of hill water displaced toward | west bc of earths rotation
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| surface currents: western boundary currents get | intensified in both hemispheres (bc coriolis effect)
1. faster
2. narrower
3. warmer
4. deeper
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| surface currents: easter boundary currents are | the opposite of western boundary currents
1. cold
2. shallow
3. slow
4. wide
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| upwelling | vertical movement of cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface (high productivity of algae)
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| downwelling | vertical movement of surface water downward in the water column
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| diverging surface water | upwelling (equator)
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| equatorial upwelling | divergence of currents at equator generates upwelling and high productivity
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| converging surface water | downwelling of surface water; surface waters move towards each other and pile up downward; low productivity
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| coastal upwelling | ekman transport moves surface water offshore & replaces w cool nutrient-rich water (W. US San Francisco cool temperatures)
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| coastal downwelling | ekman transport moves surface water towards shore; water piles up moves downward in water column
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| halocline | difference in salinity as depth increases
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| pycnocline | difference in density as depth increases
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| other causes of upwelling | 1. offshore winds
2. seafloor obstructions
3. coastal geometry change
4. lack of pycnocline (high lat. oceans---cold)
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| antarctic circulation: antarctic circumpolar curent | AKA WEST WIND DRIFT; driven by prevailing westerly winds
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| antarctic circulation: easterly wind drift | driven by polar easterlies, creates surface diverging w opposite antarctic circumpolar current
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| antarctic circulation: antarctic divergence | abundant marine life
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| atlantic circulation: gulf stream | western boundary current that carries warm water from topics to high latitudes; responsible for mild temp in europe (england)
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| walker circulation cell | cold higher pressure in E pacific (peru); SE winds; thermocline deeper in W side (australia)
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| el niño | warm phase; disruption in walker circulation cell; downwelling; warm pool spreads more eastward to where cooler waters were; weaker trade winds
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| la niña | cool phase; stronger upwelling in E; cooler than normal seawater; stronger trade winds
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| deep-water masses | antarctic bottom water, north atlantic deep water, antarctic intermediate water; cold surface water sinks and moves equatorward
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| how are waves generated | 1. wind
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| air-ocean interference | ocean waves
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| water-water interference | internal waves
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| wave movement | energy in motion---waves transmit energy
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| crest | high point of wave
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| trough | low point of wave
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| the deeper the water, the ______ the wave | faster
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| capillary waves | ripples; wind generated on surface
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| gravity waves | more E transferred to ocean, increasing wave E; wave height increases more than length; breaking waves
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| factors affecting wind E | fetch, duration wind blows over on one direction, wind speed
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| fetch | distance over which wind blows
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| swell | free ocean wave generated by wind that gets transported to surf zone w/o losing much E
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| shoaling water | water gradually getting shallower
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| surf zone | where waves break near shore
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| when steepness >1/7 | wave breaks
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| as wave approaches shallower water | wavelength decreases, speed decreases, steepness increases, height increases
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| waves rarely approach shore at | 90 degrees rather they're angled
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| on shore, wave E is | unevenly distributed & less
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| headlands | better for surfing; more wave E released bc waves CONVERGE
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| bays | wave E diverges; E more dissipated vs headlands
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| splash waves | ~tsunami caused by meteorite impact
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| tides caused by | combination of each, moon, and sun gravity & motion
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| zenith | greatest force of gravity; closest to moon
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| nadir | lowest force of gravity; furthest from moon
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| direction of attraction between earth and moon is | at an angle causing force to be slightly diff everywhere
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| lunar day | 24 hr 50 min
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| high tides are _________ apart | 12 hrs 25 min
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| flood tide | water moves toward shore
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| ebb tide | water moves away from shore
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| tidal period | time between high tides
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| tidal range | difference betw, high and low tides
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| monthly tidal cycle | 29.5 days (time it takes moon to complete orbit around earth)
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| syzygy | moon, earth, and sun aligned
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| quadrature | moon in first or third quarter phase
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| spring tides | new or full moon; tidal range greatest; syzygy
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| neap tides | quarter moons; tidal range lowest; quadrature
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| declination | angular distance of the moon or sun above or below earths equator
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| perigee | tidal range greatest; moon closest to earth
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| apogee | tidal range least; moon furthest from earth
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| perigee and apogee cycle | 27.5 days
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| perihelion | earth closest to sun; Winter in NH
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| aphelion | earth furthest from sun; Summer in NH
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| amphidromic point | no tidal range; crests & troughs of tides rotate around it
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| cotidal lines | connects simultaneous high tide points
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| tide wave rotates every | 12 hrs
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| in theory, most areas should experience __ ___________ & __ ____________ | 2 high tides & 2 low tides of unequal heights during a lunar day ( but ocean basin diff in shape, size, and depth modify this)
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| diurnal | 1 high & 1 low tide per day; common in inland seas (GULF OF MEXICO)
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| semidiurnal | 2 high & 2 low tides; tidal range same
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| mixed | 2 high & 2 low tides; tidal range different (MOST COMMON)
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| high slack water | peak of each high tide w no current motion
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| low slack water | peak of each low tide w no current motion
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| coastline | boundary betw. coast and shore
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| backshore | above high tide shoreline; only has water when theres a storm
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| foreshore | exposed in low tide; submerged in hight tide
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| nearshore | extends seaward from low tide shoreline; never exposed; waves touch bottom
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| offshore | beyond low tide breakers; waves rarely touch bottom
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| beach | above shoreline called recreational beach
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| wave cut beach | flat wave-eroded surface
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| berm | dry, gently sloping elevated beach margin at feet of dunes or cliffs
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| beach face | wet sloping surface extending from berm to low tide shoreline (submerged)
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| longshore bar | sand bars // to coast (not always present; break approaching waves)
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| longshore trough | separates longshore bar from beach face
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| sand forms from | sand & mud from rivers, local material, boulders from local cliffs, coral reef material (tropical)
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| swash | water rushes up to beach
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| backwash | water drains back to beach
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| what determines if sand is eroded or deposited? | whether backwash or swash dominates
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| light wave activity | swash soaks beach; wide well-dev. berm (pleasant)
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| heavy wave activity | backwash; eroded sand accumulates in longshore bar
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| summertime beach | milder storms; light wave activity; swash doms.; no longshore bars; wide sandy berm; deposited; steep beach
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| wintertime beach | stormy weather; heavy wave activity; narrower beach; longshore bars present; backwash; eroded; flat beach
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| longshore current | transports sand along beach in zigzag movement
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| longshore drift | longshore current but occurs in surf zone
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| tombolo | sand bar that connects an island to the mainland
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| spit | lil piece of land stretching from mainland into lagoon but not completely enclosing to make a lagoon
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| deltas | rivers deposit into oceans
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| hard stabilization | structures built to decrease coastal erosion & interfere w sand movement (may actually increase wave erosion)
1. jetties
2. seawalls
3. groin & groin fields
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| 3 major alt. to hard stabilization | 1. construction restrictions near shorelines
2. beach (sand) replenishes
3. relocation of structures rather than protection
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| sea level can change by | change in level of land or sea or both
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| marine terraces | flat platforms backed by cliffs where wave-cut beach is exposed
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| faster seafloor spreading = | rising sea level
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| contracts | cooler water
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| expands | warmer water
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| eustatic sea level change | WORLDWIDE; faster seafloor spreading, formation or melting of glaciers, thermal expansion or contraction of water
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| changing sea level | isostatic adjustment (unloading heavy load); tectonic movements (uplift or subsidence-----W coast is uplifting)
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| sea breeze | sea to land---DAY
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| land breeze | land to ocean---NIGHT
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| % marine debris from land | 80%
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| Standard lab bioassay: | concentration of pollutant that causes 50% mortality among test organisms
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| oil spills are often from | transportation accidents
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| petroleum | made of hydrocarbons, can biodegrade, has toxic components
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| Bioremediation: | using bacteria and fungi to biodegrade oil
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| about _____ hurricanes occur each year | 100
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| hurricanes are classified w ________ kmph | 120
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| wind shear | strong wind can ventilate heat away from dev. hurricane
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| hurricanes raise | sea level temporarily
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| proxigean tides | perigee + spring tides (unusually high tides)
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| sand moves ______ to beach | perpendicular
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
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