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OCNG Ch. 6-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| plane of ecliptic | line that connects all points of earth's orbit around sun |
| seasons caused by | tilt of earths axis |
| vernal equinox | march 21; spring; sun directly over equator; equal length of day & night; AKA spring equinox in NH |
| summer solstice | june 21; sun is at most northerly position directly overhead of tropic of cancer; sun appears to pause (longer day) before beginning its next six month cycle |
| tropic of cancer | 23.5 N |
| autumnal equinox | september 23; sun is directly over equator again |
| winter solstice | december 22; sun directly overhead of tropic of capricorn; |
| suns declination | angular distance from equator (either 23.5N or 23.5S = tropics) |
| tropics | receive more annual sunlight than poles |
| albedo | percentage of radiation that is reflected back to space depending on the type of material----sea ice covered by snow has high albedo while soil, rock, vegetation, etc. does not |
| avg earth surface albedo | 30% |
| ocean reflects more radiation at | high latitudes |
| earths atmo | N is 78% & O is 21% |
| troposphere | lowermost portion of atmo; 12km/7mi; where weather is formed; lower T as altitude rises |
| warm air | less dense bc heat makes molecules expand so rises |
| cold air | more dense so sinks |
| convection cell | warm air rises; cold air sinks |
| warm air can hold | more water vapor than cold air bc its molecules are moving faster & can interact w the water vapor |
| addition of water vapor | decreases the density of air |
| water vapor has | lower density than air; humid air is LESS DENSE than dry air |
| moving air | wind = ALWAYS FROM HIGH P TO LOW P |
| NH coriolis effect | water drains CCW |
| SH coriolis effect | water drains CW |
| coriolis effect | changes path of moving object |
| coriolis effect dir in NH | right (perspective) |
| coriolis effect dir in SH | left (perspective) |
| coriolis is an effect of | earth rotation towards E----the difference in earths rotation SPEED at different latitudes |
| earths rotational speed faster | closest to equator |
| coriolis effect max | poles |
| coriolis effect nonexistant | equator |
| hadley cell | cold & warm air circulation between 0-30N & 0-30S |
| ferrel cell | cold & warm air circulation betw. 30N-60N & 30S-60S |
| polar cell | cold & warm air circulation above 60N-90N and above 60S-90S |
| subtropical highs | descending cold air; areas of high pressure (dry & clear skies) |
| polar highs | descending cold air; areas of high pressure (dry & clear skies) |
| equatorial low | rising warm air; areas of low pressure (cloudy & rainy bc warm air cools and can't hold on to water vapor) |
| subpolar low | rising warm air; areas of low pressure (cloudy & rainy bc warm air cools and can't hold on to water vapor) |
| trade winds | air blown from subtropical highs to equatorial lows |
| NE trade winds | NH so blow to the right |
| SE trade winds | SH so blow to the left |
| doldrums | boundary betw. the two trade winds at equator ------intertropical convergence zone (calm waters) |
| horse latitudes | boundaries betw. trade winds and prevailing westerlies (light winds + dry and fair) |
| polar front | boundaries betw. prevailing westerlies and polar regions (cloudy and rainy) |
| monsoon winds | Asian seasonal shifts in atmospheric pressure (winter--high; summer---low) |
| equatorial | 0-5 degrees; doldrums boundary; low P; light winds; cloudy & rainy; hurricanes |
| 5-30 degrees | trade winds wind belt; strong steady winds from E (NE & SE) |
| 30 degrees | horse latitudes boundaries; high P; light winds; dry & clear; major deserts |
| 30-60 degrees | prevailing westerlies wind belt; from W; brings storm that influence U.S weather |
| 60 | polar front boundaries; low P; variable winds; stormy & cloudy yearound |
| 60-90 | polar easterlies wind belt; cold dry winds from E |
| poles | 90 degrees; polar high P boundary; variable winds; clear, dry, cold, desert regions, minimal rain |
| coriolis force greatest at | the poles |
| coriolis force almost non existent at | the equator |
| why lots of deserts at 30S and 30N latitudes? | bc subtropical dry air |
| as you increase in elevation | atmospheric pressure decreases |
| cool dense air | sinks, high surface pressure |
| warm moist air | rises, low surface pressure |
| coriolis effect moves path of moving object in the NH towards | the R |
| coriolis effect moves path of moving object in the SH towards | the L |
| earth rotates towards the | east |
| there are diff _____ at diff ________ bc of earths rotation | speeds ; latitudes (faster at equator & slower at poles) |
| winds---air always moves from | high pressure to low pressure |
| cyclonic flow in low pressure NH | CCW |
| cyclonic flow in low pressure SH | CW |
| anticyclonic flow in high pressure NH | CW |
| anticyclonic flow in high pressure SH | CCW |
| anticyclonic | high pressure |
| cyclonic | low pressure |
| low pressure | rising air (warm) |
| high pressure | sinking air (cold) |
| tropical cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons | large rotating makes of low pressure; classified by max. speed of wind sustained |
| conditions needed for a hurricane | 25C/77F (warm water needed for water vapor to atmo via evaporation); warm moist air to supply vast amounts of latent heat; coriolis effect gives rotation to storm |
| storm surge | increase in shoreline sea level |
| open ocean climate is | sort of // to latitude lines (warmer at center and colder at sides) w exception of currents [england at high latitude but not as cold] |
| sea ice | forms directly from seawater; needle-like crystals become slush--->slush becomes pancake ice--->pancake ices form ice floes |
| iceberg formation | break off from glaciers |
| ocean currents | masses of water that flow from one place to another |
| surface currents | wind driven; primarily horizontal direction; only 10% of ocean water; occur above pycnocline; slower than corresponding wind bc friction of wind & ocean; generally follow wind belts pattern |
| deep currents | driven by density differences caused by diff salinity & temperature (low T & high salinity = high density); vertical & horizontal motions |
| surface currents: gyres | large circular loops of moving water driven by major wind belts |
| surface currents: subgyres | centered around 30 degree latitude; bounded by equatorial current; western, northern, southern, and eastern boundary currents |
| surface currents: ekman spiral | balance betw. friction and coriolis effect; direction & flow of surface waters at diff depths; direction of spiral is PERPENDICULAR to wind |
| surface currents: ekman transport | avg. movement of surface waters, 90 degrees to R in NH; 90 degrees to L in SH |
| surface currents: top of hill water displaced toward | west bc of earths rotation |
| surface currents: western boundary currents get | intensified in both hemispheres (bc coriolis effect) 1. faster 2. narrower 3. warmer 4. deeper |
| surface currents: easter boundary currents are | the opposite of western boundary currents 1. cold 2. shallow 3. slow 4. wide |
| upwelling | vertical movement of cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface (high productivity of algae) |
| downwelling | vertical movement of surface water downward in the water column |
| diverging surface water | upwelling (equator) |
| equatorial upwelling | divergence of currents at equator generates upwelling and high productivity |
| converging surface water | downwelling of surface water; surface waters move towards each other and pile up downward; low productivity |
| coastal upwelling | ekman transport moves surface water offshore & replaces w cool nutrient-rich water (W. US San Francisco cool temperatures) |
| coastal downwelling | ekman transport moves surface water towards shore; water piles up moves downward in water column |
| halocline | difference in salinity as depth increases |
| pycnocline | difference in density as depth increases |
| other causes of upwelling | 1. offshore winds 2. seafloor obstructions 3. coastal geometry change 4. lack of pycnocline (high lat. oceans---cold) |
| antarctic circulation: antarctic circumpolar curent | AKA WEST WIND DRIFT; driven by prevailing westerly winds |
| antarctic circulation: easterly wind drift | driven by polar easterlies, creates surface diverging w opposite antarctic circumpolar current |
| antarctic circulation: antarctic divergence | abundant marine life |
| atlantic circulation: gulf stream | western boundary current that carries warm water from topics to high latitudes; responsible for mild temp in europe (england) |
| walker circulation cell | cold higher pressure in E pacific (peru); SE winds; thermocline deeper in W side (australia) |
| el niño | warm phase; disruption in walker circulation cell; downwelling; warm pool spreads more eastward to where cooler waters were; weaker trade winds |
| la niña | cool phase; stronger upwelling in E; cooler than normal seawater; stronger trade winds |
| deep-water masses | antarctic bottom water, north atlantic deep water, antarctic intermediate water; cold surface water sinks and moves equatorward |
| how are waves generated | 1. wind |
| air-ocean interference | ocean waves |
| water-water interference | internal waves |
| wave movement | energy in motion---waves transmit energy |
| crest | high point of wave |
| trough | low point of wave |
| the deeper the water, the ______ the wave | faster |
| capillary waves | ripples; wind generated on surface |
| gravity waves | more E transferred to ocean, increasing wave E; wave height increases more than length; breaking waves |
| factors affecting wind E | fetch, duration wind blows over on one direction, wind speed |
| fetch | distance over which wind blows |
| swell | free ocean wave generated by wind that gets transported to surf zone w/o losing much E |
| shoaling water | water gradually getting shallower |
| surf zone | where waves break near shore |
| when steepness >1/7 | wave breaks |
| as wave approaches shallower water | wavelength decreases, speed decreases, steepness increases, height increases |
| waves rarely approach shore at | 90 degrees rather they're angled |
| on shore, wave E is | unevenly distributed & less |
| headlands | better for surfing; more wave E released bc waves CONVERGE |
| bays | wave E diverges; E more dissipated vs headlands |
| splash waves | ~tsunami caused by meteorite impact |
| tides caused by | combination of each, moon, and sun gravity & motion |
| zenith | greatest force of gravity; closest to moon |
| nadir | lowest force of gravity; furthest from moon |
| direction of attraction between earth and moon is | at an angle causing force to be slightly diff everywhere |
| lunar day | 24 hr 50 min |
| high tides are _________ apart | 12 hrs 25 min |
| flood tide | water moves toward shore |
| ebb tide | water moves away from shore |
| tidal period | time between high tides |
| tidal range | difference betw, high and low tides |
| monthly tidal cycle | 29.5 days (time it takes moon to complete orbit around earth) |
| syzygy | moon, earth, and sun aligned |
| quadrature | moon in first or third quarter phase |
| spring tides | new or full moon; tidal range greatest; syzygy |
| neap tides | quarter moons; tidal range lowest; quadrature |
| declination | angular distance of the moon or sun above or below earths equator |
| perigee | tidal range greatest; moon closest to earth |
| apogee | tidal range least; moon furthest from earth |
| perigee and apogee cycle | 27.5 days |
| perihelion | earth closest to sun; Winter in NH |
| aphelion | earth furthest from sun; Summer in NH |
| amphidromic point | no tidal range; crests & troughs of tides rotate around it |
| cotidal lines | connects simultaneous high tide points |
| tide wave rotates every | 12 hrs |
| in theory, most areas should experience __ ___________ & __ ____________ | 2 high tides & 2 low tides of unequal heights during a lunar day ( but ocean basin diff in shape, size, and depth modify this) |
| diurnal | 1 high & 1 low tide per day; common in inland seas (GULF OF MEXICO) |
| semidiurnal | 2 high & 2 low tides; tidal range same |
| mixed | 2 high & 2 low tides; tidal range different (MOST COMMON) |
| high slack water | peak of each high tide w no current motion |
| low slack water | peak of each low tide w no current motion |
| coastline | boundary betw. coast and shore |
| backshore | above high tide shoreline; only has water when theres a storm |
| foreshore | exposed in low tide; submerged in hight tide |
| nearshore | extends seaward from low tide shoreline; never exposed; waves touch bottom |
| offshore | beyond low tide breakers; waves rarely touch bottom |
| beach | above shoreline called recreational beach |
| wave cut beach | flat wave-eroded surface |
| berm | dry, gently sloping elevated beach margin at feet of dunes or cliffs |
| beach face | wet sloping surface extending from berm to low tide shoreline (submerged) |
| longshore bar | sand bars // to coast (not always present; break approaching waves) |
| longshore trough | separates longshore bar from beach face |
| sand forms from | sand & mud from rivers, local material, boulders from local cliffs, coral reef material (tropical) |
| swash | water rushes up to beach |
| backwash | water drains back to beach |
| what determines if sand is eroded or deposited? | whether backwash or swash dominates |
| light wave activity | swash soaks beach; wide well-dev. berm (pleasant) |
| heavy wave activity | backwash; eroded sand accumulates in longshore bar |
| summertime beach | milder storms; light wave activity; swash doms.; no longshore bars; wide sandy berm; deposited; steep beach |
| wintertime beach | stormy weather; heavy wave activity; narrower beach; longshore bars present; backwash; eroded; flat beach |
| longshore current | transports sand along beach in zigzag movement |
| longshore drift | longshore current but occurs in surf zone |
| tombolo | sand bar that connects an island to the mainland |
| spit | lil piece of land stretching from mainland into lagoon but not completely enclosing to make a lagoon |
| deltas | rivers deposit into oceans |
| hard stabilization | structures built to decrease coastal erosion & interfere w sand movement (may actually increase wave erosion) 1. jetties 2. seawalls 3. groin & groin fields |
| 3 major alt. to hard stabilization | 1. construction restrictions near shorelines 2. beach (sand) replenishes 3. relocation of structures rather than protection |
| sea level can change by | change in level of land or sea or both |
| marine terraces | flat platforms backed by cliffs where wave-cut beach is exposed |
| faster seafloor spreading = | rising sea level |
| contracts | cooler water |
| expands | warmer water |
| eustatic sea level change | WORLDWIDE; faster seafloor spreading, formation or melting of glaciers, thermal expansion or contraction of water |
| changing sea level | isostatic adjustment (unloading heavy load); tectonic movements (uplift or subsidence-----W coast is uplifting) |
| sea breeze | sea to land---DAY |
| land breeze | land to ocean---NIGHT |
| % marine debris from land | 80% |
| Standard lab bioassay: | concentration of pollutant that causes 50% mortality among test organisms |
| oil spills are often from | transportation accidents |
| petroleum | made of hydrocarbons, can biodegrade, has toxic components |
| Bioremediation: | using bacteria and fungi to biodegrade oil |
| about _____ hurricanes occur each year | 100 |
| hurricanes are classified w ________ kmph | 120 |
| wind shear | strong wind can ventilate heat away from dev. hurricane |
| hurricanes raise | sea level temporarily |
| proxigean tides | perigee + spring tides (unusually high tides) |
| sand moves ______ to beach | perpendicular |
Created by:
daisy98
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