Exam chapters 9-12
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| Microbial Control | sterilization, disinfection, decontamination/sanitation, and antisepsis/degermation
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| Sanitation | destroys all microorganisms including viruses
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| Disinfection | physical process to destroy vegetative pathogens but not endospores
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| Decontamination/Sanitation | mechanically removes microorganism and debris to safe levels
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| Antisepsis/Degermation | reduces microbes on human skin
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| Bactericide | chemical that destroys bacteria but not endospores
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| Fungicide | kills fungal spores
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| Virucide | chemical that inactivates viruses, specially on living tissue
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| Sporicide | agent that destroys endospores
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| Germicide/Microbicide | kills microorganisms
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| Sepsis | growth of microorganism in the blood and tissues
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| Asepsis | practice prevents entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues
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| Aseptic Techniques | practiced in healthcare
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| Antiseptics | agents applied to exposed skin to prevent vegetative pathogens
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| Bacteristatic | prevents growth of bacteria on tissues or objects
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| Fungistatic | inhibits fungal growth
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| Microbistatic | controls microbes in the body
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| Cell Wall | chemical agents damage by blocking synthesis or digesting cell wall
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| Cytoplasmic Membrane | agents interrupt synthesis of proteins, inhibits proteins from growth and metabolism, prevents mutation multiplication
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| Proteins | agents denature protein, prevents protein interaction with chemical substrate
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| Boiling Water | disinfection of materials for babies, food, utensils, bedding, and clothing from sick room
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| Pasteurization | disinfection of beverages like milk, wine, beer, and other beverages
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| Steam Under Pressure | autoclaving, pure steam to pressures greater than 1 atmosphere to achieve sterilization
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| Incineration | intense heat reduces microbes and other substances to ashes and gas
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| Hot Air Oven | dry heat sterilization for destruction of endospores
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| Desiccation | dehydration at room temperature
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| Lyophilization | freezing and drying to preserve microorganism longer
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| Radiation | energy from atomic activities dispersed at high velocity through matter or space
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| Filtration | effective method to remove microbes from air and liquids
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| Osmotic Pressure | never a sterilizing technique
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| Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | use of drugs to control infection
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| Chemotherapeutic Drug | any chemical used in treatment or relief of a disease
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| Prophylaxis | drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk
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| Antimicrobials | all-inclusive term for antimicrobial drug, regardless of origin
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| Antibiotics | naturally produced by microorganism that inhibit or destroy other microorganism
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| Semisynthetic Drug | chemically modified in the lab after isolation from natural sources
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| Synthetic Drugs | produced entirely by chemical reactions
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| Narrow Spectrum | limited, targets a specific group
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| Broad Spectrum | kills many different bacteria's
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| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration "MIC" | smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth
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| Therapeutic Index | ranked drugs 1-10, compared.10-safe choice, the lower the number the more risky
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| Antimicrobial Drugs Goal | inhibit virus replication
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| Excellent Selective Toxicity | blocks synthesis of bacterial cell wall "ideal"
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| Drugs Toxic To Humans | act upon infective agent and host cell "cell membrane"
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| Chemotherapy Goals | identifying needs of a living cell and removing, disrupting, or interfering with requirements
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| Biofilms | harder to target, other drugs used along wit antibiotics
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| Quinine | principal malaria treatment
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| Anthelminthic Drug Therapy | blocking reproduction does not affect adult worms
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| Antiviral Drug Therapy | barring penetration, blocking transcription, and translation, preventing maturation
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| Drug Resistance | change in microbes that can tolerate drug needing a higher dose
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| Intrinsic | normal, naturally resistant
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| Reasons Of Resistancy | plasma transfer or mutations
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| Resistance "R" Factors | plasmids containing antibiotic resistance genes, transferred through conjugation, transformation, or transduction
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| New Approaches | using RNA interference, mimicking defense, and using bacteriophages
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| Probiotics | to improve intestinal biota with live microorganism
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| Prebiotics | nutrients that encourage growth of beneficial microbes
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| Fecal Transplants | to re-colonize colon
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| Allergy | heightened sensitivity to a drug, major problem
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| Biota | normal microbial colonies on a healthy body
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| Super Infections | when biota is destroyed and microbes double in numbers
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| Shotgun Approach | using broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy for minor infections
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| Human Microbiome | sum total of all microbes
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| Human Microbiome Project "HMP" | research characteristics of microbes on living tissue
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| Intestinal Biota | important for health and other diseases
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| Resident Biota | destroyed by immune system before they colonize, not harmful
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| Microbial Antagonism | resident biota is hostile to other microbes, unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes
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| Pathogen | microbe, parasitic relationship causing infection and disease
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| Infections Disease | disruption of tissue or organ by microbes and their products
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| Pathogenicity | organisms potential to cause infection or disease
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| True Pathogens | capable of causing disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses
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| Opportunistic Pathogens | cause disease when hot's defenses are compromised, rare, only in unique circumstances
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| Virulence | anything a microbe has that gives it an advantage to cause disease
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| Portal Of Entry | route microbe takes to enter
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| Exogenous | outside source, another person
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| Endogenous | microbes on my own body
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| Infectious Dose "ID" | minimum number of microbes necessary to cause infection
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| Adhesion | microbes attach to tissues, is a key step
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| Phagocytes | main WBC engulfs and destroys pathogens
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| Antiphagocytic Factors | helps pathogens avoid phagocytes
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| Leukocidins | kill phagocytes outright
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| Exoenzymes | enzymes secreted by microbes
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| Toxin | secreted inside and sent outside cell
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| Exotoxins | proteins that target a specific cell with deadly effects
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| Neurotoxins | act on nervous system
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| Enterotoxins | act on intestines
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| Hemolysis | lyse red blood cells
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| Nephrotoxins | damage the kidneys
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| Necrosis | cell and tissue death
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| Sign | objective evidence of disease
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| Symptom | subjective evidence of disease
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| Syndrome | disease identified by signs and symptoms
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| inflammation | body defense process
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| Edema | accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue
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| Granulomas And Abscesses | walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes in tissue "WBC and microbes"
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| Lymphadenitis | swollen lymph nodes
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| Leukocytosis | increase in WBC levels
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| Leukopenia | decrease in WBC levels
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| Septicemia | microorganisms multiplying in large numbers in the blood
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| Bacteremia or Viremia | bacteria or viruses present in blood, not multiplying
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| Portal Of Exit | pathogen exit
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| Latency | dormant microbes in certain chronic infectious diseases
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| Sequelae | long-term or permanent damage to tissue or organs by infectious diseases
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| Incubation Period | time from intimal contact with infectious agent to the appearance of symptoms
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| Prodromal Stage | 1-2 day period when earliest notable symptoms of infection appear
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| Period Of Invasion | infection multiplies at high levels, greatest toxicity, well established in tissues
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| Convalescent Period | patient begins to respond to infection and symptoms decline
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| Reservoir | primary habitat in natural world of a pathogen
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| Transmitter | individual or object from which an infection is acquired
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| Carrier | shelters pathogen without knowledge, spreads to others without notice, may not experience disease due to microbe
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| Zoonosis | indigenous infection to animals but naturally transmissible to humans ex. rabies "zoo means animals"
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| Communicable/Infectious | transmits infection from host to host
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| Contagious | highly communicable, especially through direct contact
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| Noncommunicable | person invaded by their own microbes
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| Asymptomatic, Subclinical, or Inapparent | infections that go unnoticed
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| Horizontal Transfer | from 1 person to another
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| Vertical Transfer | from mother to offspring
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| Biting Vectors | transmitted through infected saliva into the blood "mosquito"
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| Mechanical Vectors | body parts infected by physical contact with a source of pathogens "house fly"
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| Health-Care Associated/Nosocomial Infections | during hospital stay
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| Common Nosocomial Infections | urinary tract, surgical incisions, respiratory tract
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| Universal Precautions "UPs" | all treated with the same degree of care
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| Etiologic/Causative Agent | cause of infection and disease
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| Koch's Postulates | proofs that became standards in determining cause of disease
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| Epidemiology | study of frequency and where
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| Florence Nightingale "mid 1850's" | laid foundation of modern epidemiology
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| Reportable Or Notifiable Diseases | certain must be reported to authorities, others reported voluntarily
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| Prevalence | total number of existing cases
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| Incidence | number of new cases
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| Mortality Rate | total number of deaths in a population due to disease
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| Morbidity Rate | sick people and rate of people
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| Point Source Epidemic | infectious agent came from a single source
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| Common-Source Epidemic | all exposed over a period of time
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| Propagated Epidemic | communicable from person to person and sustained over time
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| Index Case | first case found in an epidemiological investigation
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| Endemic | standard existence in that location, constantly present
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| Sporadic | occasional cases reported at irregular intervals at random locales ex. ebola
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| Epidemic | increasing disease beyond what is expected by an epidemic or sporadic disease ex. flu
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| Pandemic | spread throughout every country
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| 1st Line Of Defense | Skin
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| 2nd Line Of Defense | WBC, phagocytes, and inflammation reactions of the body
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| 3rd Line Of Defense | Acquired, must develop, and provides long term immunity
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| Physical Barrier | Skin
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| Chemical Barrier | enzymes; acid
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| Genetic Barrier | naturally due to genetic factors
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| Skin | flushing effect of sweat removes microbes
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| Mucous Membranes | impedes entry and attachment of bacteria
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| Respiratory Tract | triggers coughing to eject irritants
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| Genitourinary Tract | bladder emptying flushes urethra
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| Resident Microbiota | take away space and nutrient from microbes. cilia traps pathogens
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| Lysozyme | enzyme in tears and saliva
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| Physical Barrier | skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and resident microbiota
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| Immunology | study of second and third line of defense
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| Markers | molecules on cell surfaces
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| Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS) | markers different microbes have in common
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| Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) | used by host cells in the second line of defense
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| Mononuclear Phagocyte Systems (MPS) | allows chemicals in the MPS and ECF to diffuse into blood and lymphatics
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| Lymphatic System | network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs
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| Thymus | site of T cell maturation
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| Lymphatic Vessel | similar to thin-walled veins
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| Lymph Nodes | small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs
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| Spleen | serves as a filter for blood instead of lymph
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| Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) | bundle of lymphocytes on or beneath intestinal mucosa
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| Peyer's Patches | cluster of lymphocytes in small intestine
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| Whole Blood Contains | blood cells, plasma, and serum
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| Blood Cells | formed elements
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| Plasma | clear, yellowish fluid
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| Serum | Essentially same as plasma, clear fluid from clotted blood
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| Hematopoiesis | production of blood cells
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| Stem Cells | precursor of new blood cells maintained in bone marrow
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| White Blood Cells | leukocytes
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| Lymphocytes | cells responsible for immune function
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| Second Line Of Defense | generalized and nonspecific defenses support and interact with immune responses
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| Phagocytosis | ingest and eliminate microbes and dead cells
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| Neutrophils | react early in the inflammatory response to bacteria, foreign materials and damaged tissue
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| Monocytes | Macrophages, process foreign substances and prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes
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| Histiocytes | live in a certain tissue and remain there during their lifespan
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| Phagocyte | eating cell
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| Inflammasomes | inside cytoplasm of phagocytic cells of innate immune system
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| Inflammatory Response | can be local or systemic, easily identifiable by a classic series of signs and symptoms
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| Rubor | redness by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissue
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| Calor | warmth by heat given off by increased blood flow
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| Tumor | swelling by fluid escaping into the tissues
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| Dolor | pain by the stimulation of nerve endings, loss of function
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| Inflammation Functions | defensive reaction, and a means for the body to maintain stability and restore itself after injury
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| Cytokines | small active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and control cell development, inflammation, and immunity
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| Chemotaxis | migration of cells in response to a specific chemical stimulus
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| Pus | accumulation of whitish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris, and bacteria
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| Pyogenic | bacteria that stimulate the formation of pus
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| Fever | abnormally elevated body temperature, nearly universal symptom of infection
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| Pyrogens | substance that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting
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| Exogenous Pyrogens | infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxin, blood, blood products, and vaccines
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| Endogenous Pyrogens | liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis
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| Interferon | small protein produced naturally by certain white blood and tissue cells
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| Interferon Gamma | produced by T cells
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