Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Microbiology Lecture
Exam chapters 9-12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Microbial Control | sterilization, disinfection, decontamination/sanitation, and antisepsis/degermation |
| Sanitation | destroys all microorganisms including viruses |
| Disinfection | physical process to destroy vegetative pathogens but not endospores |
| Decontamination/Sanitation | mechanically removes microorganism and debris to safe levels |
| Antisepsis/Degermation | reduces microbes on human skin |
| Bactericide | chemical that destroys bacteria but not endospores |
| Fungicide | kills fungal spores |
| Virucide | chemical that inactivates viruses, specially on living tissue |
| Sporicide | agent that destroys endospores |
| Germicide/Microbicide | kills microorganisms |
| Sepsis | growth of microorganism in the blood and tissues |
| Asepsis | practice prevents entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues |
| Aseptic Techniques | practiced in healthcare |
| Antiseptics | agents applied to exposed skin to prevent vegetative pathogens |
| Bacteristatic | prevents growth of bacteria on tissues or objects |
| Fungistatic | inhibits fungal growth |
| Microbistatic | controls microbes in the body |
| Cell Wall | chemical agents damage by blocking synthesis or digesting cell wall |
| Cytoplasmic Membrane | agents interrupt synthesis of proteins, inhibits proteins from growth and metabolism, prevents mutation multiplication |
| Proteins | agents denature protein, prevents protein interaction with chemical substrate |
| Boiling Water | disinfection of materials for babies, food, utensils, bedding, and clothing from sick room |
| Pasteurization | disinfection of beverages like milk, wine, beer, and other beverages |
| Steam Under Pressure | autoclaving, pure steam to pressures greater than 1 atmosphere to achieve sterilization |
| Incineration | intense heat reduces microbes and other substances to ashes and gas |
| Hot Air Oven | dry heat sterilization for destruction of endospores |
| Desiccation | dehydration at room temperature |
| Lyophilization | freezing and drying to preserve microorganism longer |
| Radiation | energy from atomic activities dispersed at high velocity through matter or space |
| Filtration | effective method to remove microbes from air and liquids |
| Osmotic Pressure | never a sterilizing technique |
| Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | use of drugs to control infection |
| Chemotherapeutic Drug | any chemical used in treatment or relief of a disease |
| Prophylaxis | drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk |
| Antimicrobials | all-inclusive term for antimicrobial drug, regardless of origin |
| Antibiotics | naturally produced by microorganism that inhibit or destroy other microorganism |
| Semisynthetic Drug | chemically modified in the lab after isolation from natural sources |
| Synthetic Drugs | produced entirely by chemical reactions |
| Narrow Spectrum | limited, targets a specific group |
| Broad Spectrum | kills many different bacteria's |
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration "MIC" | smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth |
| Therapeutic Index | ranked drugs 1-10, compared.10-safe choice, the lower the number the more risky |
| Antimicrobial Drugs Goal | inhibit virus replication |
| Excellent Selective Toxicity | blocks synthesis of bacterial cell wall "ideal" |
| Drugs Toxic To Humans | act upon infective agent and host cell "cell membrane" |
| Chemotherapy Goals | identifying needs of a living cell and removing, disrupting, or interfering with requirements |
| Biofilms | harder to target, other drugs used along wit antibiotics |
| Quinine | principal malaria treatment |
| Anthelminthic Drug Therapy | blocking reproduction does not affect adult worms |
| Antiviral Drug Therapy | barring penetration, blocking transcription, and translation, preventing maturation |
| Drug Resistance | change in microbes that can tolerate drug needing a higher dose |
| Intrinsic | normal, naturally resistant |
| Reasons Of Resistancy | plasma transfer or mutations |
| Resistance "R" Factors | plasmids containing antibiotic resistance genes, transferred through conjugation, transformation, or transduction |
| New Approaches | using RNA interference, mimicking defense, and using bacteriophages |
| Probiotics | to improve intestinal biota with live microorganism |
| Prebiotics | nutrients that encourage growth of beneficial microbes |
| Fecal Transplants | to re-colonize colon |
| Allergy | heightened sensitivity to a drug, major problem |
| Biota | normal microbial colonies on a healthy body |
| Super Infections | when biota is destroyed and microbes double in numbers |
| Shotgun Approach | using broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy for minor infections |
| Human Microbiome | sum total of all microbes |
| Human Microbiome Project "HMP" | research characteristics of microbes on living tissue |
| Intestinal Biota | important for health and other diseases |
| Resident Biota | destroyed by immune system before they colonize, not harmful |
| Microbial Antagonism | resident biota is hostile to other microbes, unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes |
| Pathogen | microbe, parasitic relationship causing infection and disease |
| Infections Disease | disruption of tissue or organ by microbes and their products |
| Pathogenicity | organisms potential to cause infection or disease |
| True Pathogens | capable of causing disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses |
| Opportunistic Pathogens | cause disease when hot's defenses are compromised, rare, only in unique circumstances |
| Virulence | anything a microbe has that gives it an advantage to cause disease |
| Portal Of Entry | route microbe takes to enter |
| Exogenous | outside source, another person |
| Endogenous | microbes on my own body |
| Infectious Dose "ID" | minimum number of microbes necessary to cause infection |
| Adhesion | microbes attach to tissues, is a key step |
| Phagocytes | main WBC engulfs and destroys pathogens |
| Antiphagocytic Factors | helps pathogens avoid phagocytes |
| Leukocidins | kill phagocytes outright |
| Exoenzymes | enzymes secreted by microbes |
| Toxin | secreted inside and sent outside cell |
| Exotoxins | proteins that target a specific cell with deadly effects |
| Neurotoxins | act on nervous system |
| Enterotoxins | act on intestines |
| Hemolysis | lyse red blood cells |
| Nephrotoxins | damage the kidneys |
| Necrosis | cell and tissue death |
| Sign | objective evidence of disease |
| Symptom | subjective evidence of disease |
| Syndrome | disease identified by signs and symptoms |
| inflammation | body defense process |
| Edema | accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue |
| Granulomas And Abscesses | walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes in tissue "WBC and microbes" |
| Lymphadenitis | swollen lymph nodes |
| Leukocytosis | increase in WBC levels |
| Leukopenia | decrease in WBC levels |
| Septicemia | microorganisms multiplying in large numbers in the blood |
| Bacteremia or Viremia | bacteria or viruses present in blood, not multiplying |
| Portal Of Exit | pathogen exit |
| Latency | dormant microbes in certain chronic infectious diseases |
| Sequelae | long-term or permanent damage to tissue or organs by infectious diseases |
| Incubation Period | time from intimal contact with infectious agent to the appearance of symptoms |
| Prodromal Stage | 1-2 day period when earliest notable symptoms of infection appear |
| Period Of Invasion | infection multiplies at high levels, greatest toxicity, well established in tissues |
| Convalescent Period | patient begins to respond to infection and symptoms decline |
| Reservoir | primary habitat in natural world of a pathogen |
| Transmitter | individual or object from which an infection is acquired |
| Carrier | shelters pathogen without knowledge, spreads to others without notice, may not experience disease due to microbe |
| Zoonosis | indigenous infection to animals but naturally transmissible to humans ex. rabies "zoo means animals" |
| Communicable/Infectious | transmits infection from host to host |
| Contagious | highly communicable, especially through direct contact |
| Noncommunicable | person invaded by their own microbes |
| Asymptomatic, Subclinical, or Inapparent | infections that go unnoticed |
| Horizontal Transfer | from 1 person to another |
| Vertical Transfer | from mother to offspring |
| Biting Vectors | transmitted through infected saliva into the blood "mosquito" |
| Mechanical Vectors | body parts infected by physical contact with a source of pathogens "house fly" |
| Health-Care Associated/Nosocomial Infections | during hospital stay |
| Common Nosocomial Infections | urinary tract, surgical incisions, respiratory tract |
| Universal Precautions "UPs" | all treated with the same degree of care |
| Etiologic/Causative Agent | cause of infection and disease |
| Koch's Postulates | proofs that became standards in determining cause of disease |
| Epidemiology | study of frequency and where |
| Florence Nightingale "mid 1850's" | laid foundation of modern epidemiology |
| Reportable Or Notifiable Diseases | certain must be reported to authorities, others reported voluntarily |
| Prevalence | total number of existing cases |
| Incidence | number of new cases |
| Mortality Rate | total number of deaths in a population due to disease |
| Morbidity Rate | sick people and rate of people |
| Point Source Epidemic | infectious agent came from a single source |
| Common-Source Epidemic | all exposed over a period of time |
| Propagated Epidemic | communicable from person to person and sustained over time |
| Index Case | first case found in an epidemiological investigation |
| Endemic | standard existence in that location, constantly present |
| Sporadic | occasional cases reported at irregular intervals at random locales ex. ebola |
| Epidemic | increasing disease beyond what is expected by an epidemic or sporadic disease ex. flu |
| Pandemic | spread throughout every country |
| 1st Line Of Defense | Skin |
| 2nd Line Of Defense | WBC, phagocytes, and inflammation reactions of the body |
| 3rd Line Of Defense | Acquired, must develop, and provides long term immunity |
| Physical Barrier | Skin |
| Chemical Barrier | enzymes; acid |
| Genetic Barrier | naturally due to genetic factors |
| Skin | flushing effect of sweat removes microbes |
| Mucous Membranes | impedes entry and attachment of bacteria |
| Respiratory Tract | triggers coughing to eject irritants |
| Genitourinary Tract | bladder emptying flushes urethra |
| Resident Microbiota | take away space and nutrient from microbes. cilia traps pathogens |
| Lysozyme | enzyme in tears and saliva |
| Physical Barrier | skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and resident microbiota |
| Immunology | study of second and third line of defense |
| Markers | molecules on cell surfaces |
| Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS) | markers different microbes have in common |
| Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) | used by host cells in the second line of defense |
| Mononuclear Phagocyte Systems (MPS) | allows chemicals in the MPS and ECF to diffuse into blood and lymphatics |
| Lymphatic System | network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs |
| Thymus | site of T cell maturation |
| Lymphatic Vessel | similar to thin-walled veins |
| Lymph Nodes | small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs |
| Spleen | serves as a filter for blood instead of lymph |
| Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) | bundle of lymphocytes on or beneath intestinal mucosa |
| Peyer's Patches | cluster of lymphocytes in small intestine |
| Whole Blood Contains | blood cells, plasma, and serum |
| Blood Cells | formed elements |
| Plasma | clear, yellowish fluid |
| Serum | Essentially same as plasma, clear fluid from clotted blood |
| Hematopoiesis | production of blood cells |
| Stem Cells | precursor of new blood cells maintained in bone marrow |
| White Blood Cells | leukocytes |
| Lymphocytes | cells responsible for immune function |
| Second Line Of Defense | generalized and nonspecific defenses support and interact with immune responses |
| Phagocytosis | ingest and eliminate microbes and dead cells |
| Neutrophils | react early in the inflammatory response to bacteria, foreign materials and damaged tissue |
| Monocytes | Macrophages, process foreign substances and prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes |
| Histiocytes | live in a certain tissue and remain there during their lifespan |
| Phagocyte | eating cell |
| Inflammasomes | inside cytoplasm of phagocytic cells of innate immune system |
| Inflammatory Response | can be local or systemic, easily identifiable by a classic series of signs and symptoms |
| Rubor | redness by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissue |
| Calor | warmth by heat given off by increased blood flow |
| Tumor | swelling by fluid escaping into the tissues |
| Dolor | pain by the stimulation of nerve endings, loss of function |
| Inflammation Functions | defensive reaction, and a means for the body to maintain stability and restore itself after injury |
| Cytokines | small active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and control cell development, inflammation, and immunity |
| Chemotaxis | migration of cells in response to a specific chemical stimulus |
| Pus | accumulation of whitish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris, and bacteria |
| Pyogenic | bacteria that stimulate the formation of pus |
| Fever | abnormally elevated body temperature, nearly universal symptom of infection |
| Pyrogens | substance that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting |
| Exogenous Pyrogens | infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxin, blood, blood products, and vaccines |
| Endogenous Pyrogens | liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis |
| Interferon | small protein produced naturally by certain white blood and tissue cells |
| Interferon Gamma | produced by T cells |
Created by:
MaryMamiChula
Popular Science sets