The Heart and Blood Vessels
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| Where is the heart located? | between lungs in MEDIASTINUM
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| What are the Apex of the heart? | inferior, lower, pointed end to the left 5th intercostal space
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| What is the Base of the heart? | Superior, broader, upper portion
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| Fibrous pericardium | outer, prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum
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| Serous pericardium | deeper and contains 2 sublayers: parietal and visceral layer
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| Parietal Layer | sublayer of serous pericardium, outer which is fused to the fibrous pericardium
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| Visceral Layer | Also known as epicardium, sublayer of serous pericardium, inner portion
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| Pericardial fluid | lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the layers as the heart moves
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| Epicardium | outer layer of the heart, composed of mesothelium and connective tissue
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| Myocardium | thick, middle layer of heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue
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| Endocardium | inner layer of the heart, composed of connective tissue covered by endothelium that is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels
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| What is the external feature that is located between the atria and ventricles? | Coronary sulcus
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| What is the external feature that is located between 2 ventricles? | anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus
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| What blood vessels deliver blood to the right atrium? | Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
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| Superior Vena Cava | brings blood from most parts of the body superior to the heart
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| Inferior Vena Cava | brings blood from all parts of the body inferior to the diaphragm
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| Coronary Sinus | receives blood from most of the vessels draining the wall of the heart
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| Fossa Ovalis | oval depression
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| Chordate tendineae | heart string tendons that connect papillary muscle
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| Papillary muscle | nipple like projected muscle
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| trabeculae carneae | irregular surface of ridges
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| Right atrium | carry blood back to the heart
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| Left atrium | carry blood away from heart
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| Correct order in which the blood flows through the valves starting in right atrium? | tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid (mitral), and aortic semilunar
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| Interventricular septum | separates two ventricles
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| Which side has deoxygenated blood? | right side
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| Which side has oxygenated blood? | left side
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| Which valve prevents back flow of blood into left ventricle? | Aortic valve
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| Which valve prevents back flow of blood into the right ventricle? | Pulmonary semilunar valve
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| Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium? | Tricuspid valve
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| Which valve prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium? | Bicuspid valve
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| Function of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valve | permit ejection of blood from the ventricles but prevent back flow of blood into the heart
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| Function of arteries | carry blood away from the heart
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| Function of veins | carry the blood back to the heart
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| The right ventricle pumps blood through _____ into the _____ which divides into ________ and ____________ | pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, right & left pulmonary arteries
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| What vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the heart? | Superior vena cavity, inferior vena cavity, coronary sinus
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| What vessels carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart? | Pulmonary Arteries/ trunk
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| What vessels carry oxygenated blood toward the heart? | Pulmonary veins
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| What vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart? | Aorta
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| What valves are associated with deoxygenated blood? | Tricuspid and pulmonary
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| What valves are associated with oxygenated blood? | Bicuspid and aortic
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| What are the branches of the left coronary artery? | anterior inter ventricular branch, circumflex branch
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| What are the branches of the right coronary artery? | posterior inter ventricular branch, marginal branch
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| Coronary sinus | blood drainage out of the myocardium collects carbon dioxide and wastes and flows in here
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| Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall? | left ventricle
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| What are the first paired vessels to branch from the aorta? | right and left coronary arteries that deliver blood to the walls of the heart
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| What structure drains the great and middle cardiac veins? | coronary sinus
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| Which is the hearts natural pacemaker? | SA Node: sinoatrial node
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| Vasa Vasorum | supply oxygen and nutrients to the walls of large blood vessels
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| Tunica Interna | consist of endothelium, basement membrane, and internal elastic lamina (inner portion of blood vessels)
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| Tunica Media | elastic fibers which provide compliance and smooth muscle fibers (middle portion of blood vessel)
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| Tunica Externa | Primarily elastic and collagen fibers, a less prominent external elastic lamina that contains the vasa vasorum in the larger blood vessels (outer portion of blood vessels)
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| The thickest layer of an artery? | tunica media
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| What arteries function as a pressure reservoir? | large elastic conducting arteries
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| What arteries function as distributing arteries? | medium sized muscular arteries
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| What are the functions of arterioles? | a very small branch of an artery that delivers blood to a capillary
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| What vessels are known as resistance vessels | arterioles
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| What vessels permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids? | microcirulation
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| What regulates the blood flow through the capillary? | precapillary sphincter
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| 3 type of capillaries? | continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoids
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| Continuous capillaries | most common, plasma membranes of the endothelial cells form a continuous tube that is interrupted only by intercellular clefts
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| fenestrated capillaries | filtration in kidneys
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| Sinusoids | tortuous, in liver, spleen, redbone marrow
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| What vessels make up the microculation? | Arteriole, veins, capillary
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| Veins | paper thin walls, have valves, function is to prevent back flow of blood and aid in moving blood toward the heart
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| Vascular (venous) sinus | a vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter
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| What mechanisms assist the venous return? | respiratory pump mechanism, muscle pump mechanism, pocket valves
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| Respiratory pump mechanism | pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities during inspiration and expiration
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| Muscle pump mechanism | muscular contractions compress the veins, squeezing blood back towards the heart
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| Pocket valves | inside the veins prevent back flow of blood returning to the heart
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| Anastomosis | union of branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region
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| End Artery | arteries that do not anastomose
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| The largest portion of blood is located in which type of vessels at rest? | systemic veins and venules
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| In fetal circulation what vessel carries oxygenated blood? | umbilical vein
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| In fetal circulation, how does most of the blood by passes the lungs, and joint the systemic circulation? | ductus anteriosus
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