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| What is the science of naming and grouping organisms called? | taxonomy
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| binomial nomenclature | a two word naming system
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| Modern systematists try to group organisms based on | evolutionary relationships
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| Which of these are the correct way to write scientific names in the binomial nomenclature system? | both words are italicized
the first word is capitalized
the second word is not capitalized
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| the general term for a grouping in taxonomy | taxa
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| the largest taxonomic category | kingdom
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| the smallest taxonomic category | species
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| between the kingdom and the class | phylum
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| between the order and the genus | family
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| A group that is limited to a common ancestor and all of its descendants | monophyletic group
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| A specific trait that is used to construct a cladogram is called a | derived character
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| A branch of a cladogram that consists of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor is called | a clade
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| The study of how living and extinct organisms are related to one another | phylogeny
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| Unicelled organisms that lack nuclei and have cell walls made with peptidoglycan | Eubacteria
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| Mostly unicelled organisms that may have cell walls made of cellulose | Protist
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| Mostly multicelled organisms that have cell walls made of chitin | Fugus
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| Multicelled organisms that can move from place to place under their own power | Animal
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| Multicelled organisms that do not move and make their own food by using sunlight | Plant
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| Unicelled organisms that lack nuclei and have cell walls made without peptidoglycan | Archaebacteria
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| they feed on dead or decaying organic matter | Fungi
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| they include mosses and ferns | Plantae
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| they have no cell walls | Animalia
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| What are the 3 domains of life? | Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
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| What is the Archaea kingdom called and what are the characteristics of the organisms in this kingdom? | The kingdom is Archaebacteria
prokaryotic, unicellular organisms live in extreme conditions
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| Examples of archaea kingdom | thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens
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| What is the name of the kingdom under the Bacteria domain and what are their characteristics? | The kingdom is called Eubacteria. These prokaryotic, unicellular organisms are bacteria that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, live in almost every niche, and divide by binary fission.
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| What are the Eukarya kingdoms? | Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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| What are the characteristics of Protista (cell type, cell number, how they get their nourishment)? | eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, and may be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. This is the grab bag kingdom that consists of eukaryotic organisms that are not a fungi, plant or animal.
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| What are the characteristics of Fungi (cell type, cell number, how they get their nourishment, are they motile)? | They are eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, non-motile and absorptive heterotrophs. They are decomposers very important to our food chain.
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| What are the characteristics of plants (cell type, cell number, how they get their nourishment, are they motile)? | They are eukaryotic, multicellular, non-motile and autotrophic.
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| What are the characteristics of animals (cell type, cell number, how they get their nourishment, are they motile)? | They are eukaryotic, multicellular, motile and ingestive heterotrophs
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| What are the three different way that bacteria can organize themselves? | Strepto
Staphylo
Diplo
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| What are the three different shapes of bacteria? | Coccus
Bacillus
Spirilla
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| sphere shaped | Coccus
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| rod shaped | Bacillus
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| spiral shaped | Spirilla
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| in chains | Strepto
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| in cluster | Staphylo
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| in groups of 2 | Diplo
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| What would you call sphere shaped bacteria organized in a cluster? | Staphylococcus
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| What are the 3 modes of movement for bacteria? | Cilia, flagella, pseudopods.
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| What kind of environmental conditions do bacteria favor? | Moist, dark places of varying temperature.
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| What do you call an organism that requires oxygen to survive? | Obligate aerobe
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| What do you call an organism that can not tolerate oxygen? | Obligate anaerobe
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| What do you call an organism that prefers oxygen but can also tolerate atmospheric conditions where there is no oxygen? | Facultative anaerobe
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| What are parasites? | Organisms that live off of and harm their hosts.
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| What are saprobes? | Decomposers
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| What are autotrophs? | Self feeders
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| What are heterotrophs? | organisms that have to consume things for their nourishment
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| Name 3 types of Protists. | Algal protists
Fungal protists
Protozoans
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| What are the importance of the algal and fungal protists? | They are part of the base of the food chain and they provide 50 – 60% of the atmospheric oxygen.
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| What disease does the protozoan, trypanosome, cause and what is its vector? | It causes the African sleeping sickness and the vector for the trypanosome is the Tsetse fly.
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| What disease does the protozoan, amoeba, cause? | Dysentery
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| What disease does the protozoan, plasmodium, cause and what is its vector? | It causes malaria and its vector is a mosquito.
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| Name 6 types of invertebrates? | Proifera
Echinoderms
Cniderian
Arthropods
Worms
Mollusk
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| What are the characteristics of Proifera (sponges)? | They are simple, asymmetrical, aquatic, have no tissues or organs and can regenerate.
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| What are characteristics of Cnidarians? | Cnidarians have 2 body forms: medusa (domed) and polyp, they also have tentacles and stinging cells.
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| Name 3 general types of worms? | Flat worms
Round worms
Segmented worms
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| What are the characteristics of Mollusks? | They have soft muscular bodies and some have shells.
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| Name 3 types of Mollusks? | Bivalves – (2 shells e.g. oyster)
Gastropods – (stomach feet e.g. snail)
Cephalopods – (head feet e.g. octopus)
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| What are the characteristics of echinoderms? | Echinoderms have 5-part symmetry and spiny skin.
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| What are examples of echinoderms ? | Sea Urchins
Starfish
Sand Dollars
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| What are the characteristics of arthropods? | Arthropods have jointed legs and segmented bodies.
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| What are some examples of arthropods? | Spiders
Scorpions
Ticks
Horseshoe crabs
Crustaceans
Insects
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| What are the characteristics of vertebrates? | They are chordates, have notochords, dorsal nerve cords and gill slits
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| Name 5 basic types of invertebrates? | Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
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| What are the characteristics of fish? | Aquatic vertebrates
Gills
Ectothermic
Fins and scales
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| What are the characteristics of Amphibians? | Larva have gills
Adults have lungs
Ecothermic
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| What are the characteristics of reptiles? | Dry scaly skin
Ectothermic
Lay shelled eggs
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| What are the characteristics of birds? | Feathers and wings
Endothermic
Light skeleton
Lay shelled eggs
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| What are characteristics of mammals? | Hair or fur
Endothermic
Produce milk
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| Name 3 kinds of mammals and give a distinguishing characteristic? | Monotremes
Marsupials
Placental
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| Monotremes | lay eggs
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| Marsupials | carry offspring in pouches
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| Placental | live offspring
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| What is a controversial 7th kingdom? | Non-cellular viruses
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| Why was it necessary to classify all living things? | To avoid confusion. Common names vary in different languages and place to place. Need consensus about the names of things.
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| How did Aristotle classify living things? | either plants or animals.
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| Who was John Ray and how did he propose to classify/name organisms? | proposed using long detailed Latin names for each species.
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| Why aren’t we using the Ray system today? | names were too long and laborious to use. Not accessible to the uneducated person.
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| In the 1700, Carolus Linnaeus proposed a different way of classifying organism. How many taxa did his original system have and how was it organized? | He had 4 taxa originally. Species were organized into taxa that formed a hierarchy or set of ordered ranks.
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| How many taxa are there today and what are they (ranging from most general to very specific)? | There are 7 taxa today:
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| Describe the binomial nomenclature he proposed for naming organisms. | The first word is the genus and the second word is he species.
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| What are the conventions for writing, typing, or abbreviating the name of an organism? | If hand-written, the name is underlined
If it is typed, the name is italicized.
use the first initial of the genus and then the species name
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| History of classification – names and examples | Darwin's theory of evolution changed the way biologists thought classification categories Instead of looking at the physical similarities and differences, it represent lines of evolutionary
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| Canis familiaris | dog
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| Panthera leo | lion
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| Felis concolor | cougar
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| Panthera tigris | tiger
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| Ursus americanus | black bear
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| Homo sapiens | Homo sapiens
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| Bos Taurus | cattle
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| Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Bald eagle
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| Ursus arctos horribilis | Grizzly bear
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| Canis lupus | wolf
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| Felis catus | cat
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| Acinonyx jubatus | cheetah
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| Cavia porcellus | guinea pig
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| Canis latrans | coyote
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| Equus ferus | horse
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| The kingdoms and how they’ve changed through time | In the 1700s there were 2 kingdoms, Plantae and Animalia for plants and animals. In the Late 1800s another kingdom was created, Protista for things that weren't plants or animals. Mostly microscopic because that is when the microscope was .....
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| How do bacteria reproduce? | binary fission
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| What kind of environments do Archaebacteria live in? | extreme environments
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| What kind of environment does a Thermophile live in? | intense heat
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| What kind of environment does a Halophile live in? | high salt concentration
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| How did Linnaeus classify organisms? | by structure
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| What was Linnaeus' system for classifying things called? | binomial nomenclature
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| What language is used for binomial nomenclature? | Latin
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| The more taxons organisms share, the | more closely related they are
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| Ex. of faculative anaerobes | E.coli
Soil bacteria
Water bacteria
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| The kingdoms and how they’ve changed through time | discovered. In the 1950s two more kingdoms were added, Fungi (decomposers) and Monera for everything that did not have a nucleus (bacteria). In 1990s Monera was classified into 2 small kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria for bacteria.
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