Anatomy/ PHysiology for Bio110
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| Osteology | Study of bone
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| What is the Skeletal System composed of? | bones, cartilage and ligaments
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| Where is Cartilage is located on the skeletal system? | joint surfaces of most bone
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| What are the ligaments function? | To hold bones together at the joints and considered part of the skeletal system
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| What are the tendons function? | to attach muscle to bone but considered part of the muscular system
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| What are the six functions of the skeleton system? | 1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Electrolyte balance of the calcium and phosphate ions
5. Acid-base balance to buffer the blood against excessive pH changes
6. Blood formation
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| Does the skeletal system generate movement? | No, the muscular system does this but needs the skeleton to attach itself to.
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| What is bone? | connective tissue with the non-living matrix hardened by caclium phosphate and other minerals
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| Mineralization or calcification | the hardening process of bone from cartilage.
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| what do Individual bones consist of? | bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue
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| What are the different types of bone? | flat bones, long bones, short bones and irregular bones
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| What type of bone is the sternum? | flat bone
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| What type of bone are the humerus and tibia? | long bones
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| What type of bone are wrist bones? | short bones
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| What is the outer shell of the lone bone? | Compact (dense) bone
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| Diaphysis or shaft | the cylinder of compact bone to provide leverage
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| Medullary cavity or marrow cavity | the space in teh diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow
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| Ephiphyses | the enlarged ends of the long bone -to strengthen joints and attach ligaments and tendons
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| Spongy ( cancellous) bone | covered by more durable compact bone and is in the end of long bones and the middle of all other bones
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| What is the proportion of the skeleton that has compact bone and spongy bone by weight? | 3/4 of the skeleton is compact and 1/4 is spongy.
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| What is articular cartilage? | the layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint's surface where one bone meets another.
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| nutrient foramina | minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate
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| Periosteum | external sheath that covers bone except where there is articular cartilage
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| why is the inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells of the periosteum important? | for growth of bone and healing of fractures
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| What is the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum made of? | Collagen
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| What does Peri mean? | around
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| What does Endo mean? | Within
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| Endosteum | thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining the marrow cavity and has osteoclast and osteoblasts to dissolve or deposit osseous tissue
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| Epiphyseal plate ( growth plate) | area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis and enables growth of bone length
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| Epiphyseal line | in adults, the bony scar marks where the growth plate used to be
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| Diploe | is the spongy layer in the cranium, absorbs shock and has marrow spaces lined with endosteum
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| Cranium general feature of bone | is a sandwich-like flat bone construction with two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone
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| Bone | Is connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance
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| Four types of bone cells | 1. Osteogenic cells
2. osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts
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| Osteoblasts | bone- forming, non-mitotic cells that build bone by taking the Calcium out of blood and stores it into the bone
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| Osteoclasts | bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface that chops up bone to allow calcium to be taken back up into the blood
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| Osteoblast location | cells line up as a single layer of cells under the endosteum and periosteum
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| Osteoblasts | synthesize soft organic matter of matrix which will harden by mineral deposition
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| Osteogenic cells ( osteoprogenitor) | stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum and in central canals
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| Osteocytes | mature bone cells that were formerly osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix
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| Lacunae | tiny cavities where osteocytes reside
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| canaliculi | little channels that connect lacunae
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| cytoplasmic processes | reach into canaliculi
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| osteocytes | contribute to homeostatic mechanism of bone density and calcium and phosphate ions by having some cells reabsorb bone matrix and others deposit it.
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| What happens when osteocytes are stressed? | Osteocytes will produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling
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| osteoporosis | a disease that happens when osteoblast are not present and mostly occurs in women due to loss of estrogen during menopause
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| osteoclasts | develop from same bone marrow stem cells that develop into blood cells and different origin from the rest of the bone cells
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| Osteoclasts size | unusually large cells formed from the fusion of several stem cells, typically 3 to 4 nuclei ( may have up to 50 nuclei)
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| ruffled border of bone cells | this side faces the bone surface that has several deep infoldings of plasma membrane which increase surface area to improve resorption efficiency
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| Resorption bays | also known as Howship lacunae that are pits on the bone surface where osteoclasts reside
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| Remodeling | this is the result of both actions of the osteoclasts and osteoblast
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| The matrix of the bone | made up of osseous tissue ( 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter)
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| Organic matter of the bone | composed of collagen and carbohydrate-protein complexes that is synthesized by osteoblasts and gives bone its flexibility
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| Inorganic matter of the bone | composed of 85% hydroxyapatite or calcium-phosphate salt, 10% calcium carbonate and other minerals such as fluoride, potassium and magnesium. This allows the bone to support the body weight.
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| Bone matrix | is a composite of two basic structural materials, ceramic and polymer
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| Rickets | soft bones due to calcium deficiency
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| Osteogenesis imperfecta | Also called brittle bone disease and is due to lack of protein or collagen in the bone
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| Spicules | slivers of bone material in the spongy bone
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| Trabeculae | thin plates of bone in the spongy bone
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| Red bone marrow | located in the spaces of the spongy bone
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| Spongy bones consist of | spicules, trabeculae, and red bone marrow with few to no osteons and no central canals.
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| Bone marrow | general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and small spaces amid the trabeculae of the spongy bone
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| Red marrow | The myeloid tissue or hemopoietic tissue that produces blood cells and composed of multiple tissues arrangement
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| Where is Red marrow located? | in Adults-skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle and proximal heads of femur and humerus
in children, in nearly every bone
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| Yellow marrow | in adults, most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow and no longer produces blood
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| Bone development | in fetus or infant, develops in two methods, intramembranous ( flat bone) ossification or endochondral ossification (long bones)
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| Ossification or osteogenesis | formation of bone
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| metaphysis | the zone of transition for bones facing the marrow cavity where cartilage is being replaced by bone
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