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What is the Skeletal System composed of?
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Ch 7 Bone Tissue
Anatomy/ PHysiology for Bio110
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Osteology | Study of bone |
| What is the Skeletal System composed of? | bones, cartilage and ligaments |
| Where is Cartilage is located on the skeletal system? | joint surfaces of most bone |
| What are the ligaments function? | To hold bones together at the joints and considered part of the skeletal system |
| What are the tendons function? | to attach muscle to bone but considered part of the muscular system |
| What are the six functions of the skeleton system? | 1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Electrolyte balance of the calcium and phosphate ions 5. Acid-base balance to buffer the blood against excessive pH changes 6. Blood formation |
| Does the skeletal system generate movement? | No, the muscular system does this but needs the skeleton to attach itself to. |
| What is bone? | connective tissue with the non-living matrix hardened by caclium phosphate and other minerals |
| Mineralization or calcification | the hardening process of bone from cartilage. |
| what do Individual bones consist of? | bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue |
| What are the different types of bone? | flat bones, long bones, short bones and irregular bones |
| What type of bone is the sternum? | flat bone |
| What type of bone are the humerus and tibia? | long bones |
| What type of bone are wrist bones? | short bones |
| What is the outer shell of the lone bone? | Compact (dense) bone |
| Diaphysis or shaft | the cylinder of compact bone to provide leverage |
| Medullary cavity or marrow cavity | the space in teh diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow |
| Ephiphyses | the enlarged ends of the long bone -to strengthen joints and attach ligaments and tendons |
| Spongy ( cancellous) bone | covered by more durable compact bone and is in the end of long bones and the middle of all other bones |
| What is the proportion of the skeleton that has compact bone and spongy bone by weight? | 3/4 of the skeleton is compact and 1/4 is spongy. |
| What is articular cartilage? | the layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint's surface where one bone meets another. |
| nutrient foramina | minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate |
| Periosteum | external sheath that covers bone except where there is articular cartilage |
| why is the inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells of the periosteum important? | for growth of bone and healing of fractures |
| What is the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum made of? | Collagen |
| What does Peri mean? | around |
| What does Endo mean? | Within |
| Endosteum | thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining the marrow cavity and has osteoclast and osteoblasts to dissolve or deposit osseous tissue |
| Epiphyseal plate ( growth plate) | area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis and enables growth of bone length |
| Epiphyseal line | in adults, the bony scar marks where the growth plate used to be |
| Diploe | is the spongy layer in the cranium, absorbs shock and has marrow spaces lined with endosteum |
| Cranium general feature of bone | is a sandwich-like flat bone construction with two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone |
| Bone | Is connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance |
| Four types of bone cells | 1. Osteogenic cells 2. osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Osteoclasts |
| Osteoblasts | bone- forming, non-mitotic cells that build bone by taking the Calcium out of blood and stores it into the bone |
| Osteoclasts | bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface that chops up bone to allow calcium to be taken back up into the blood |
| Osteoblast location | cells line up as a single layer of cells under the endosteum and periosteum |
| Osteoblasts | synthesize soft organic matter of matrix which will harden by mineral deposition |
| Osteogenic cells ( osteoprogenitor) | stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum and in central canals |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells that were formerly osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix |
| Lacunae | tiny cavities where osteocytes reside |
| canaliculi | little channels that connect lacunae |
| cytoplasmic processes | reach into canaliculi |
| osteocytes | contribute to homeostatic mechanism of bone density and calcium and phosphate ions by having some cells reabsorb bone matrix and others deposit it. |
| What happens when osteocytes are stressed? | Osteocytes will produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling |
| osteoporosis | a disease that happens when osteoblast are not present and mostly occurs in women due to loss of estrogen during menopause |
| osteoclasts | develop from same bone marrow stem cells that develop into blood cells and different origin from the rest of the bone cells |
| Osteoclasts size | unusually large cells formed from the fusion of several stem cells, typically 3 to 4 nuclei ( may have up to 50 nuclei) |
| ruffled border of bone cells | this side faces the bone surface that has several deep infoldings of plasma membrane which increase surface area to improve resorption efficiency |
| Resorption bays | also known as Howship lacunae that are pits on the bone surface where osteoclasts reside |
| Remodeling | this is the result of both actions of the osteoclasts and osteoblast |
| The matrix of the bone | made up of osseous tissue ( 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter) |
| Organic matter of the bone | composed of collagen and carbohydrate-protein complexes that is synthesized by osteoblasts and gives bone its flexibility |
| Inorganic matter of the bone | composed of 85% hydroxyapatite or calcium-phosphate salt, 10% calcium carbonate and other minerals such as fluoride, potassium and magnesium. This allows the bone to support the body weight. |
| Bone matrix | is a composite of two basic structural materials, ceramic and polymer |
| Rickets | soft bones due to calcium deficiency |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | Also called brittle bone disease and is due to lack of protein or collagen in the bone |
| Spicules | slivers of bone material in the spongy bone |
| Trabeculae | thin plates of bone in the spongy bone |
| Red bone marrow | located in the spaces of the spongy bone |
| Spongy bones consist of | spicules, trabeculae, and red bone marrow with few to no osteons and no central canals. |
| Bone marrow | general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and small spaces amid the trabeculae of the spongy bone |
| Red marrow | The myeloid tissue or hemopoietic tissue that produces blood cells and composed of multiple tissues arrangement |
| Where is Red marrow located? | in Adults-skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle and proximal heads of femur and humerus in children, in nearly every bone |
| Yellow marrow | in adults, most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow and no longer produces blood |
| Bone development | in fetus or infant, develops in two methods, intramembranous ( flat bone) ossification or endochondral ossification (long bones) |
| Ossification or osteogenesis | formation of bone |
| metaphysis | the zone of transition for bones facing the marrow cavity where cartilage is being replaced by bone |
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