Biology Spring Final
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| Isotonic | when the concentration of two liquids is the same
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| Hypotonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
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| Hypertonic | when comparong two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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| Which macromolecule determines genetic characteristics? | nucleic acid
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| What does ATP stand for and what is it? | adenosine triphosphate- one of the prinipal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
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| If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, would it swell or shrink? In distilled water? Explain. | it would shrink; swell. The water moves in the direction where there is more solute because that means there is more water.
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| What are covalent bonds? Ionic bonds? | covalent- bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atomsionic- a chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges, characteristic of salts. Also called electrovalent bond.
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| What are the types of macromolecules? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? WHat type of energy does it lower and how is the helpful? | protein; they lower activation energy
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| mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
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| parasitism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives off of another organism and harms it
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| commensalism | symbiotic re=lationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
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| What is a niche? How does it influence the habitats of different species of animals? | a niche is a full range of physical/biologica conditions in which and organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions helps them and the environment.
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| In a food chain/web, what do the arrows show? | arrows show the directionof energy
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| How do you identify a eukaryoke from a prokaryote? | eukaryotes have a nuleus while prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
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| Where can ribosomes be found? | the rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounding the nucleus
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| What structures maintain homeostatis in a cell? | cell membrane
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| nucleus | contains DNA/coded instructions for coordinating the cell's activity
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| ribosome | where proteins are assembled
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| endoplasmic reticulm | site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along whit other materials that are exported fromthe cell
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| golgi apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
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| lysosomes | "cleaning crew" break down/ store uneddeed materials/proteins
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| vacuoles | store water and other materials
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| mitochondria | convert chemical energy into compounds the cell can use
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| chloroplast | convert sunlight to chemical energy
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| cell wall | provide support/protection for plant cells (only)
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| cell membrane | regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also provides protectionand support
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| centrioles | helps with mitosis
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| What kind of transport across a cell membrane does not use energy? What type of substance can use this type of transport? | diffusion; water
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| How does light and temperature affect photosynthesis? | the more light and heat (between 0 & 35 degrees the faster the rate
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| How does carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis and the production of sugar? | combines with 5 carbon molecules and oxygent is eventually released
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| when converting pyrubic acid inot lactic acid, what is required for the reaction to take place? | NADH
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| What are the sources of energy during exercise for humans? | lactic acid fermentation, respiration
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| What are the two processes in photosynthesis? | light dependent reactions, calvin cycle
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| What are the three phases of respiration? | glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> electron transport chain
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| On a pedigree, what is a cirle, square, shaded, and unshaded? | circle- femalesquare- maleshaded- person has recessive traitunshaded- person has dominant trait
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| After meiosis, is the cell haploid or diploid? If the diploid number is 12, what is the haploid? | haploid, 6
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| Transcribe the DNA segment ATGTTGCCGTCA | TACAACGGCAGT
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| Which nucleic acids are purines? pyrimidines? | purines- AGpyrimidines- CT
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| How do purines and pyrimidines pair? | purine-pyrimidine
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| Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis? | messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNA
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| How many amino acids specify a codon? how many codons specify and amino acid? | 3,1
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| What did Watson and Crick discover regarding DNA? | the shaps: double helix
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| Arrange from largest to smallest: DNA, nucleotide, cell, nitrogen base | nitrogen base, nucleotide, DNA, cell
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| What is crossing over? gene shuffling? | co-process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of chromatids during meiosisgs- switching genes around
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| What is the result of mitosis? meiosis? | mitosis- 2 diploid cellsmeiosis- 4 haploid cells
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| How many different allele combos are there for RRYY, RrYY, and RrYy? | 7 (formula 2 to the power of n where n= # of heterozygotes)
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| What is the function of hox genes? | controls which genes will produce which organs in various parts of an embryo
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| What is a trait determined by multiple alleles? | calico cats
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| Coat color in cats is co-dominant, why arent there any male calico cats? | because the alleles are on the x chromosome and males can only have 1 X
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| nondisjunction | when homologous chromosomes fail to seperate
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| What genetic disorder is caused by nondisjunction? | down's syndrome
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| What genetic disorders are sex-linked? | Turner's syndrome and klinefelters
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| What genetic disorders are recessive? dominant? codominant? | r- hemophiliad- huntingtonsc- sickle cell disease
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| describe DNA replication; what is the purpose? | DNA replication is when the DNA molecule separeates into 2 strands then produces complementarey strands; each strand is a template for the new strand
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| describe transcription. what is the purpose? | transcription is the process where part of the nucleotide is copied into a complementary sequence
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| descrive translation. what is the purpose? | translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
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| Where do DNA replication, transcription, and translation occur? | translation-cytoplasmtranscription/replication- inside nucleus
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| during translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide is determined by what? | the codon (nitrogen base sequence)
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| What is an analogous structure? homologous? | a- structures that appear the same but arent (bird and butterfly wings)h-structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the sam embryonic tissue ( frog and bird leg)
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| how are the traits of an organism determined? | alleles (genes)
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| what is survival of the fittest? | the struggle for existence, who is able to live long enough to reproduce
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| what are the 4 tenets in darwin's theory of evolution? | struggle for existence, survival of the fittest, natural selection, and descent with modification
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| what are the processes that account for variation of species? | genetic variation, artificial selection
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| behavioral isolation | when two pops have differences in rituals that prevent them from interbreeding
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| temporal isolation | when species reproduce at different times
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| genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occur in small populations
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| who was the 1st person to classify organisms | carolus linneus
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| what is a gene pool? | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
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| what is the genus and the species of Homo sapiens | homo- genussapiens= species
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| what are taxonomic classification levels from most to least inclusive? | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| what is a phylogenetic tree? a cladogram | c- shows voluntary relationships amoung a group of organisms based on derived characters.p- based on physical characteristics
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| what is the main difference between lysogenic and lytic viruses? | lysogenic- slowly kills host by embeading viral DNA in the hostlytic-quickly dupicates and bursts the host's cell
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| eubacteria and archaebacteria were once classified together as what? why were they seperated? | monera; they had a different makeup of their cell walls
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| what is the role of bacteria in the environment? | nitrogen fixation, recycling nutrients, and carrying out photosynthesis
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| what is mycorrhizae? what kind of relationship is it? | associations of plant roots and fugi- mutualistic associations
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| how are fungus and fungus-like protists similar? different? | similar- both obtain nutrients through cell membranes, have cell waslls with no chlorophyll, thrive on dead matterdifferent- protists dont have chitin and fungi do, and protists have centrioles in which fungi dont
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| mycelium | many hyphae tangled together in one thick mass
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| what is the role of hyphae in reproduction? | connect and form a zygospot which creates a sporangium that releases spores that produce new hyphae
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| what are some products derived of algae? | sushi, ice cream, plastics
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| what type of protists are multicellular? | red alga, green algae, brown algae, fungus-like protists and slime molds
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| what is the characteristic common to all protists? | eukaryotic
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| What are characteristics of all plants? | have cell walls, made of cellulose, multicellular, carry out photosynthesis
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| what plant parts are haploid? diploid? triploid? | h- ovary, pollen grainsd- embryo, zygote, anther,everything not listed as haploid or triploidt- endosperm
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| what is the function of a stomata and how do they operate? | open and close to release and regulate water
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| describe appendages of arthropods | 6 appendages- insects, crabs, lobsters
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| give an example of a molusca | snails, clams, oysters
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| ex of artrhropoda | insects, crabs, lobsters
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| ex of anneliuds | earthworms, leeches
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| ex of platyhedrons | flatworms
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| ex of nematoda | roundworm
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| ex of porifera | sponges
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| ex of echinoderm | starfish, sea urchins
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| what are the 3 embryotic germ laters | endoderm, mosoderm, ectoderm
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| what is the function of the cerebrm and all the parts of the brain | to help respond to changes in the environment
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| what is striation? what type of tissues are striated? | striation is the alternating patterns of thick and thin filamentsfound in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue
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| what part of the nervous system regulates conscious control? unconscious? | somatic- consciousautonomic- unconscious
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| what parts make up the integumentary system? | skin, hair, nails
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| what is the function of the lymphatic systme? | fight diseases
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| what is the function of the endocrine system? | controls growth and reproduction
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| what is the function of the placenta? | enable baby to get food and nutrients
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| what is the pathway of blood to the body? | vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pumonary vein -> left atrium -> mital valve -> left ventricle ->aortic valve-> aorta
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| what is an open circulatory system? closed? | open- no blood vesselsclosed- blood vessels
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| what are the different types of bone joints (and ex)? | hinge (knee)ball and socket (shoulder)glide- (wrist)
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