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Biology Spring Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Isotonic | when the concentration of two liquids is the same |
| Hypotonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
| Hypertonic | when comparong two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
| Which macromolecule determines genetic characteristics? | nucleic acid |
| What does ATP stand for and what is it? | adenosine triphosphate- one of the prinipal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy |
| If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, would it swell or shrink? In distilled water? Explain. | it would shrink; swell. The water moves in the direction where there is more solute because that means there is more water. |
| What are covalent bonds? Ionic bonds? | covalent- bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atomsionic- a chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges, characteristic of salts. Also called electrovalent bond. |
| What are the types of macromolecules? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? WHat type of energy does it lower and how is the helpful? | protein; they lower activation energy |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship |
| parasitism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives off of another organism and harms it |
| commensalism | symbiotic re=lationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
| What is a niche? How does it influence the habitats of different species of animals? | a niche is a full range of physical/biologica conditions in which and organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions helps them and the environment. |
| In a food chain/web, what do the arrows show? | arrows show the directionof energy |
| How do you identify a eukaryoke from a prokaryote? | eukaryotes have a nuleus while prokaryotes do not have a nucleus |
| Where can ribosomes be found? | the rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounding the nucleus |
| What structures maintain homeostatis in a cell? | cell membrane |
| nucleus | contains DNA/coded instructions for coordinating the cell's activity |
| ribosome | where proteins are assembled |
| endoplasmic reticulm | site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along whit other materials that are exported fromthe cell |
| golgi apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| lysosomes | "cleaning crew" break down/ store uneddeed materials/proteins |
| vacuoles | store water and other materials |
| mitochondria | convert chemical energy into compounds the cell can use |
| chloroplast | convert sunlight to chemical energy |
| cell wall | provide support/protection for plant cells (only) |
| cell membrane | regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also provides protectionand support |
| centrioles | helps with mitosis |
| What kind of transport across a cell membrane does not use energy? What type of substance can use this type of transport? | diffusion; water |
| How does light and temperature affect photosynthesis? | the more light and heat (between 0 & 35 degrees the faster the rate |
| How does carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis and the production of sugar? | combines with 5 carbon molecules and oxygent is eventually released |
| when converting pyrubic acid inot lactic acid, what is required for the reaction to take place? | NADH |
| What are the sources of energy during exercise for humans? | lactic acid fermentation, respiration |
| What are the two processes in photosynthesis? | light dependent reactions, calvin cycle |
| What are the three phases of respiration? | glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> electron transport chain |
| On a pedigree, what is a cirle, square, shaded, and unshaded? | circle- femalesquare- maleshaded- person has recessive traitunshaded- person has dominant trait |
| After meiosis, is the cell haploid or diploid? If the diploid number is 12, what is the haploid? | haploid, 6 |
| Transcribe the DNA segment ATGTTGCCGTCA | TACAACGGCAGT |
| Which nucleic acids are purines? pyrimidines? | purines- AGpyrimidines- CT |
| How do purines and pyrimidines pair? | purine-pyrimidine |
| Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis? | messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNA |
| How many amino acids specify a codon? how many codons specify and amino acid? | 3,1 |
| What did Watson and Crick discover regarding DNA? | the shaps: double helix |
| Arrange from largest to smallest: DNA, nucleotide, cell, nitrogen base | nitrogen base, nucleotide, DNA, cell |
| What is crossing over? gene shuffling? | co-process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of chromatids during meiosisgs- switching genes around |
| What is the result of mitosis? meiosis? | mitosis- 2 diploid cellsmeiosis- 4 haploid cells |
| How many different allele combos are there for RRYY, RrYY, and RrYy? | 7 (formula 2 to the power of n where n= # of heterozygotes) |
| What is the function of hox genes? | controls which genes will produce which organs in various parts of an embryo |
| What is a trait determined by multiple alleles? | calico cats |
| Coat color in cats is co-dominant, why arent there any male calico cats? | because the alleles are on the x chromosome and males can only have 1 X |
| nondisjunction | when homologous chromosomes fail to seperate |
| What genetic disorder is caused by nondisjunction? | down's syndrome |
| What genetic disorders are sex-linked? | Turner's syndrome and klinefelters |
| What genetic disorders are recessive? dominant? codominant? | r- hemophiliad- huntingtonsc- sickle cell disease |
| describe DNA replication; what is the purpose? | DNA replication is when the DNA molecule separeates into 2 strands then produces complementarey strands; each strand is a template for the new strand |
| describe transcription. what is the purpose? | transcription is the process where part of the nucleotide is copied into a complementary sequence |
| descrive translation. what is the purpose? | translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
| Where do DNA replication, transcription, and translation occur? | translation-cytoplasmtranscription/replication- inside nucleus |
| during translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide is determined by what? | the codon (nitrogen base sequence) |
| What is an analogous structure? homologous? | a- structures that appear the same but arent (bird and butterfly wings)h-structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the sam embryonic tissue ( frog and bird leg) |
| how are the traits of an organism determined? | alleles (genes) |
| what is survival of the fittest? | the struggle for existence, who is able to live long enough to reproduce |
| what are the 4 tenets in darwin's theory of evolution? | struggle for existence, survival of the fittest, natural selection, and descent with modification |
| what are the processes that account for variation of species? | genetic variation, artificial selection |
| behavioral isolation | when two pops have differences in rituals that prevent them from interbreeding |
| temporal isolation | when species reproduce at different times |
| genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occur in small populations |
| who was the 1st person to classify organisms | carolus linneus |
| what is a gene pool? | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population |
| what is the genus and the species of Homo sapiens | homo- genussapiens= species |
| what are taxonomic classification levels from most to least inclusive? | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| what is a phylogenetic tree? a cladogram | c- shows voluntary relationships amoung a group of organisms based on derived characters.p- based on physical characteristics |
| what is the main difference between lysogenic and lytic viruses? | lysogenic- slowly kills host by embeading viral DNA in the hostlytic-quickly dupicates and bursts the host's cell |
| eubacteria and archaebacteria were once classified together as what? why were they seperated? | monera; they had a different makeup of their cell walls |
| what is the role of bacteria in the environment? | nitrogen fixation, recycling nutrients, and carrying out photosynthesis |
| what is mycorrhizae? what kind of relationship is it? | associations of plant roots and fugi- mutualistic associations |
| how are fungus and fungus-like protists similar? different? | similar- both obtain nutrients through cell membranes, have cell waslls with no chlorophyll, thrive on dead matterdifferent- protists dont have chitin and fungi do, and protists have centrioles in which fungi dont |
| mycelium | many hyphae tangled together in one thick mass |
| what is the role of hyphae in reproduction? | connect and form a zygospot which creates a sporangium that releases spores that produce new hyphae |
| what are some products derived of algae? | sushi, ice cream, plastics |
| what type of protists are multicellular? | red alga, green algae, brown algae, fungus-like protists and slime molds |
| what is the characteristic common to all protists? | eukaryotic |
| What are characteristics of all plants? | have cell walls, made of cellulose, multicellular, carry out photosynthesis |
| what plant parts are haploid? diploid? triploid? | h- ovary, pollen grainsd- embryo, zygote, anther,everything not listed as haploid or triploidt- endosperm |
| what is the function of a stomata and how do they operate? | open and close to release and regulate water |
| describe appendages of arthropods | 6 appendages- insects, crabs, lobsters |
| give an example of a molusca | snails, clams, oysters |
| ex of artrhropoda | insects, crabs, lobsters |
| ex of anneliuds | earthworms, leeches |
| ex of platyhedrons | flatworms |
| ex of nematoda | roundworm |
| ex of porifera | sponges |
| ex of echinoderm | starfish, sea urchins |
| what are the 3 embryotic germ laters | endoderm, mosoderm, ectoderm |
| what is the function of the cerebrm and all the parts of the brain | to help respond to changes in the environment |
| what is striation? what type of tissues are striated? | striation is the alternating patterns of thick and thin filamentsfound in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue |
| what part of the nervous system regulates conscious control? unconscious? | somatic- consciousautonomic- unconscious |
| what parts make up the integumentary system? | skin, hair, nails |
| what is the function of the lymphatic systme? | fight diseases |
| what is the function of the endocrine system? | controls growth and reproduction |
| what is the function of the placenta? | enable baby to get food and nutrients |
| what is the pathway of blood to the body? | vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pumonary vein -> left atrium -> mital valve -> left ventricle ->aortic valve-> aorta |
| what is an open circulatory system? closed? | open- no blood vesselsclosed- blood vessels |
| what are the different types of bone joints (and ex)? | hinge (knee)ball and socket (shoulder)glide- (wrist) |
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onnie82
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