Chapter 18, 19, 20
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Abiotic factor | An environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living organisms
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| acclimation | An organism's change in response to a change in the organism's environment
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| Ammonification | The formation of ammonia compounds in the soil by the action of bacteria on decaying matter
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| biogeochemical cycle | The circulation of substances through living organisms from or to the environment.
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| biomass | Plant material, manure, or any other organic matter that is used as an energy Delete repeated word
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| biosphere | The part of Earth where life exists.
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| biotic factor | an environmental factor that is associated with or results from the activities of living organisms
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| carbon cycle | The movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back
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| carnivore | an organism that eats animals
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| chemosynthesis | the production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light
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| community | a group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other
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| consumer | an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing its own nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources.
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| decomposer | an organism that feeds by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms
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| Denitrification | the liberation of nitrogen from nitrogen- containing compounds by bacteria in the soil
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| detritivore | a consumer that feeds on dead plants and animals
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| dormancy | a state in which seeds, spores, bulbs, and other reproductive organs stop growth and development and reduce their metabolism
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| ecological model | A model that represents or describes the relationships between the components of an ecological system
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| ecology | the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their environment
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| food chain | the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms.
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| food web | a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
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| gross primary productivity | The rate at which organic matter is assimilated by plants and other producers during a period of time over a certain area.
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| groundwater | the water that is beneath Earth's surface
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| habitat | the place where an organism usually lives
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| herbivore | an organism that eats only plants
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| interdependence | the dependence of every organism on its connections with other living and nonliving parts of its environment
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| migration | any movement of individuals or populations from one location to another
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| Net primary productivity | the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem
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| niche | the unique position occupied by a species
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| nitrification | the process by which nitrites and nitrates are produced by bacteria in the soil
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| nitrogen cycle | the cycling of nitrogen between organisms, soil, water, and the atmosphere
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| nitrogen fixation | the process by which gaseous nitrogen is converted into ammonia, a compound that organisms can use to make amino acids and other nitrogen- containing organic molecules.
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| nitrogen- fixing bacteria | Bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
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| omnivore | Eats both plants and animals
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| phosphorus cycle | the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment
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| population | a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area
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| producer | an organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic autotroph that serves as the basic food source in an ecosystem
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| tolerance curve | a graph from the performance of an organism versus the value of an environmental variable
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| transpiration | the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata
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| trophic level | one of the steps in a food chain or food pyramid
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| water cycle | the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
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| age structure | the classification of members of a population into groups according to age
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| agricultural revolution | the change from a hunting and gathering society to an agricultural society that began about 10,000 years ago
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| birth rate | the number of births that occur in a period of time in a given area
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| carrying capacity | the largest population that an environment can support at any given time
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| death rate | the number of deaths occurring in a period of time
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| demographic transition | the general pattern of demographic change form high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
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| density- dependent factor | a variable affected by the number of organisms present in a given area
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| developed country | a modern, industrialized country in which people are generally better educated and healthier and live longer than people in developing countries do
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| developing country | a country in which the society is less modern and less industrialized and in which inhabitants are generally poorer than they are in developed countries
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| dispersion | the pattern of distribution of organisms in a Ignore
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| emigration | the movement of an individual or group out of its native area
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| exponential model | a model of population growth in which a constant and unlimited growth rate results in geometric increases in population size
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| growth rate | an expression of the increase in the size of an organism or population over a given period of time
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| hunter- gatherer lifestyle | a way of life in which people obtain their food by hunting and gathering wild animals and plants
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| immigration | the movement of an individual or a group to a new community or region
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| inbreeding | the crossing or mating of plants or animals with close relatives
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| life expectancy | the average length of time that an individual is expected to live
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| limiting factor | an environmental factor that prevents an organism or population from reaching its full potential of distribution or activity
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| logistic model | a model of population growth that assumes that finite resource levels limit population growth
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| population | a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area
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| population density | the number of individuals of the same species that live in a given unit of area
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| survivorship curve | Graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group
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| climax community | a final, stable community in equilibrium with the environment
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| commensalism | a relationship between two organisms which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
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| disturbance | an event that changes a community by removing or destroying organisms or altering resource availability
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| ecological succession | a gradual process of change and replacement in a community
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| interspecific competition | a relationship between two species in which both species compete for limited resources such that both species are negatively affected by the Delete repeated word
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| mutualism | a relationship between two species in which both species benefit
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| parasitism | a relationship between two species in which one species, benefits from the other species which is harmed
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| pioneer species | a species that colonizes an uninhabited area and that starts an ecological cycle in which many other species become established
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| predation | an interaction between two organisms in which one organism kills and feeds on the other organism
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| primary succession | succession that begins in an area that previously did not support life
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| secondary succession | the process by which one community replaces another community that has been partially or totally destroyed
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| species evenness | a measure of the relative abundance of each species in an ecological community
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| species richness | the number of different species in an area or community
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| species- area effect | a pattern in which the number of species in an area increases as the area increases
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| stability | the tendency of a community to maintain a relatively constant structure
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| symbiosis | a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other
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