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Chapter 18, 19, 20
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abiotic factor | An environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living organisms |
| acclimation | An organism's change in response to a change in the organism's environment |
| Ammonification | The formation of ammonia compounds in the soil by the action of bacteria on decaying matter |
| biogeochemical cycle | The circulation of substances through living organisms from or to the environment. |
| biomass | Plant material, manure, or any other organic matter that is used as an energy Delete repeated word |
| biosphere | The part of Earth where life exists. |
| biotic factor | an environmental factor that is associated with or results from the activities of living organisms |
| carbon cycle | The movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back |
| carnivore | an organism that eats animals |
| chemosynthesis | the production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light |
| community | a group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other |
| consumer | an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing its own nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources. |
| decomposer | an organism that feeds by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms |
| Denitrification | the liberation of nitrogen from nitrogen- containing compounds by bacteria in the soil |
| detritivore | a consumer that feeds on dead plants and animals |
| dormancy | a state in which seeds, spores, bulbs, and other reproductive organs stop growth and development and reduce their metabolism |
| ecological model | A model that represents or describes the relationships between the components of an ecological system |
| ecology | the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their environment |
| food chain | the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms. |
| food web | a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. |
| gross primary productivity | The rate at which organic matter is assimilated by plants and other producers during a period of time over a certain area. |
| groundwater | the water that is beneath Earth's surface |
| habitat | the place where an organism usually lives |
| herbivore | an organism that eats only plants |
| interdependence | the dependence of every organism on its connections with other living and nonliving parts of its environment |
| migration | any movement of individuals or populations from one location to another |
| Net primary productivity | the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem |
| niche | the unique position occupied by a species |
| nitrification | the process by which nitrites and nitrates are produced by bacteria in the soil |
| nitrogen cycle | the cycling of nitrogen between organisms, soil, water, and the atmosphere |
| nitrogen fixation | the process by which gaseous nitrogen is converted into ammonia, a compound that organisms can use to make amino acids and other nitrogen- containing organic molecules. |
| nitrogen- fixing bacteria | Bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia |
| omnivore | Eats both plants and animals |
| phosphorus cycle | the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment |
| population | a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area |
| producer | an organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic autotroph that serves as the basic food source in an ecosystem |
| tolerance curve | a graph from the performance of an organism versus the value of an environmental variable |
| transpiration | the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata |
| trophic level | one of the steps in a food chain or food pyramid |
| water cycle | the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. |
| age structure | the classification of members of a population into groups according to age |
| agricultural revolution | the change from a hunting and gathering society to an agricultural society that began about 10,000 years ago |
| birth rate | the number of births that occur in a period of time in a given area |
| carrying capacity | the largest population that an environment can support at any given time |
| death rate | the number of deaths occurring in a period of time |
| demographic transition | the general pattern of demographic change form high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. |
| density- dependent factor | a variable affected by the number of organisms present in a given area |
| developed country | a modern, industrialized country in which people are generally better educated and healthier and live longer than people in developing countries do |
| developing country | a country in which the society is less modern and less industrialized and in which inhabitants are generally poorer than they are in developed countries |
| dispersion | the pattern of distribution of organisms in a Ignore |
| emigration | the movement of an individual or group out of its native area |
| exponential model | a model of population growth in which a constant and unlimited growth rate results in geometric increases in population size |
| growth rate | an expression of the increase in the size of an organism or population over a given period of time |
| hunter- gatherer lifestyle | a way of life in which people obtain their food by hunting and gathering wild animals and plants |
| immigration | the movement of an individual or a group to a new community or region |
| inbreeding | the crossing or mating of plants or animals with close relatives |
| life expectancy | the average length of time that an individual is expected to live |
| limiting factor | an environmental factor that prevents an organism or population from reaching its full potential of distribution or activity |
| logistic model | a model of population growth that assumes that finite resource levels limit population growth |
| population | a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area |
| population density | the number of individuals of the same species that live in a given unit of area |
| survivorship curve | Graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group |
| climax community | a final, stable community in equilibrium with the environment |
| commensalism | a relationship between two organisms which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected |
| disturbance | an event that changes a community by removing or destroying organisms or altering resource availability |
| ecological succession | a gradual process of change and replacement in a community |
| interspecific competition | a relationship between two species in which both species compete for limited resources such that both species are negatively affected by the Delete repeated word |
| mutualism | a relationship between two species in which both species benefit |
| parasitism | a relationship between two species in which one species, benefits from the other species which is harmed |
| pioneer species | a species that colonizes an uninhabited area and that starts an ecological cycle in which many other species become established |
| predation | an interaction between two organisms in which one organism kills and feeds on the other organism |
| primary succession | succession that begins in an area that previously did not support life |
| secondary succession | the process by which one community replaces another community that has been partially or totally destroyed |
| species evenness | a measure of the relative abundance of each species in an ecological community |
| species richness | the number of different species in an area or community |
| species- area effect | a pattern in which the number of species in an area increases as the area increases |
| stability | the tendency of a community to maintain a relatively constant structure |
| symbiosis | a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other |
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