NREMT Preparation
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Distress | Dyspnea, abnormal
breathing rate or rhythm, abnormal lung sounds, altered level of
consciousness (LOC), accessory muscle use, difficulty speaking,
pulse oximeter below 94%, cyanosis, shallow breathing, unequal
rise and fall of the chest, thoracic trauma
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| Accessory Muscle Usage | Intercostal retractions, abdominal
breathing, supraclavicular retractions, tracheal tugging, sternal
retractions, nasal flaring, tripod positional breathing, seesaw
breathing, pursed-lip breathing
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| CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES | Causes can be due to medical conditions or traumatic
injuries.
Some causes are chronic, and others are acute.
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| Airway obstruction | Blockage of airway
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| Anaphylaxis | Onset can be almost immediate, and is usually
within 30 minutes of exposure to an allergen.
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| Asthma | An acute condition caused by bronchoconstriction
and excess mucus production. It can be triggered by
exercise, allergic response, illness.
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| Asthma | Signs and symptoms include wheezing primarily upon
exhalation, absent lung sounds in severe cases, and
coughing.
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| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | A slow, chronic disease process that obstructs and
damages the lower airways and alveoli. COPD disorders
include chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
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| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | >- Several causes, but largely due to cigarette
smoking. COPD is chronic, so patients always
experience some symptoms of the disease.
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| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Signs and symptoms | >- History of smoking or exposure to cigarette smoke,
chronic productive cough, prolonged expiratory
phase, abnormal lung sounds. COPD patients are
often on home or portable oxygen.
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| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | CHF is a cardiac emergency
in which the heart does not pump effectively, leading to a
backup of fluid and pulmonary edema.
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| Croup | Croup (Iaryngotracheobronchitis) is inflammation of the
pharynx, larynx, and trachea. It is highly infectious and
usually occurs in children up to about three years of age.
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| Croup -Signs and symptoms | » Croup is usually preceded by a cold and usually
occurs in winter.
» Croup often presents with a unique "barking"
cough.
» Croup often presents with stridor (a high-pitched
sound in the upper airway).
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| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Genetic disorder leading to thick mucus production
and chronic lung infections. Cystic fibrosis often causes
death prior to entering adulthood.
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| Cystic fibrosis (CF)-Signs and symptoms | include asthma like symptoms and
gastrointestinal problems.
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| Pneumonia | Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. It is often a
secondary infection and is a leading cause of pediatric
deaths worldwide. Pneumonia is a concern for any
patient that aspirates.
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| Pneumonia - Signs and symptoms | » Often history of chronic or terminal illness,
productive cough, weakness, chest pain, fever, low
pulse oximeter reading.
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| Pneumothorax | i. Pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural
space.
» It can occur spontaneously, or as a result of
trauma.
>- Asthma patients are at high risk for spontaneous
pneumothorax.
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| Pneumothorax Signs and symptoms | Possible history of respiratory problems or thoracic
trauma
>- Diminished or absent lung sounds in affected area
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| Pulmonary edema | Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the
lungs. Causes include CHF, toxic inhalation, disease, and
trauma.
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| Pulmonary edema Signs and symptoms | include possible cardiac history,
rales, pedal edema (swelling in the feet, ankles), and
orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying down).
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| Pulmonary embolism (PE) | PE is the blockage of a pulmonary artery due to a blood
clot or other obstruction.
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| Pulmonary embolism (PE) Signs and symptoms | include possible history of recent
surgery, or long bone fracture, chest pain, tachypnea,
chest pain, hemoptysis, and sudden cardiac arrest.
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| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | RSV is a respiratory infection very common in infants
and children. It is extremely contagious. The virus can
survive on surfaces, clothing, etc.
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| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Signs and symptoms | include cold like symptoms, poor
fluid intake, and signs of dehydration.
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| Hyperventilation syndrome | Hyperventilation syndrome is characterized by rapid
breathing and is often associated with distraught
patients.
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| Hyperventilation syndrome can be a sign of serious underlying medical problems. | Attempt to calm patient, remove from stressful situation.
Never have patient breathe into a paper bag or oxygen
mask without oxygen.
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| ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT | Consider continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel
positive airway pressure (BiPAP), and metered-dose inhaler
(MOl) or small-volume nebulizer (SVN) medications per local
protocol and with approval of medical direction.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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