Terms and Definitions for Chapter 12. Vet. Med.Terminology
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| Axon | Fiber than carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell away from the cell body.
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| Cell body | Part of the nerve cell containing the nucleus.
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| Dendrites | Branching structures that receive the nervous impulse.
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| Myelin sheath | Fatty tissue around the axon of a nerve cell. Helps to protect and insulate the axon. The sheath is lobed, creating gaps between layers of myelin along the axon. These gaps are called nodes of Ranvier.
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| Synapse | Space between neurons in which the nervous impulse passes.
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| Terminal end fibers | Distal portion of the neuron where the impulse leaves the cell.
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| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter that causes muscles to contract and aids in “dream” sleep.
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| Dopamine | Neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of nerve cells which in turn relaxes the animal.
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| Endorphins |
Neurotransmitters responsible for reducing pain and for pleasure. Endorphins are the body’s natural morphine.
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| Epinephrine | Hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter to increase heart rate and blood pressure.
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| Norepinephrine | Neurotransmitter that causes vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure. Also called noradrenaline.
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| Serotonin | Neurotransmitter responsible for relaxation. When levels are decreased, it leads to stress and behavioral disorders.
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| Microglial cells | Phagocytic cells which protect the nervous system from infection.
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| Oligodendroglial cells | Cells that form the myelin around the axon of the nerve cell.
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| Ependymal cells | Cells that line the ventricles of the brain and surround the spinal cord. They produce cerebrospinal fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord.
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| Schwann cells | Dual-action cells that form myelin around the axon and act as phagocytes against foreign organisms.
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| Dura mater | Tough, outermost layer of the meninges. Blood can enter brain tissue through this layer.
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| Arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of the meninges. Also known as the arachnoid mater.
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| Pia mater |
Innermost, delicate layer of the meninges which adheres to the brain and spinal cord.
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| Epidural space | Space above the dura mater.
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| Subdural space | Space below the dura mater.
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| Subarachnoid space | Space below the subarachnoid membrane, where cerebrospinal fluid can be found.
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| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | Nerves that control involuntary functions of muscles, glands, and viscera.
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