pharmacology to help on a nursing exam for fundamentals
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| Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | Set the standard for banning foreign substances
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| Food and Drug Cosmetic Act of 1938 | Standard for drugs.. FDA came about from this act
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| Harris-Kefauver Amendment of the 1938 Act * | Big Legislature Act that included: proof of effectiveness, stopped cheap, generic drugs, maintain purity level, and include side effects
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| Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 | Indicated certain classes of drugs were needed
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| Schedule 1 drugs | High potential for abuse ex: heroin, LSD, MJ
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| Schedule 2 drugs | Methamphetamines ex: stimulants for Central Nervous System
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| Schedule 3 drugs | Less abuse potential ex: Vicodin, Tylenol with codeine, suboxin
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| Schedule 4 drugs | Low potential for abuse ex: Xanax & Valium
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| Schedule 5 drugs | Cough syrup with codeine
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| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | Sets the standard for pharmacology
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| Drug Enforcement (DEA) | Works with narcotics
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| Drug Classification | Indicates the:
therapeutic effect of the medication
symptoms the medication relieves
ex: antipyretic = decreased fever
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| Drug Nomenclature | Includes: Chemical name, Generic name, Trade/Brand Name
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| Pharmacokinetics | Study of drug movement throughout the body
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| Pharmacokinetics has 4 processes | a) absorption
b) distribution
c) metabolism
d) excretion
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| Absorption | Movement of the drug from site of administration into the bloodstream
Bioavailability will be less if oral , more if IV delivery
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| Factors that influence absorption | Surface area
Blood flow
Route of admin
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| Enteral Administration | GI Tract, Highly variable, First Pass Effect
Enteric coated, Sustained release
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| First Pass Effect | is a phenomenon of drug metabolism when the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.
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| Distribution | Movement of the drug throughout body by circulation
Only if not protein bound
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| Decreased Distribution if: | Less vascular area
Blood-brain barrier, Placenta membranes
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| Metabolism | Enzymatic alteration of drug structure
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| Metabolism can: | render inactive, convert to active form, increase effectiveness, promote excretion, or alter toxicity
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| Metabolism is affected by: | Age, Drugs that increase it, Mal-nutrion,Polypharmacy
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| Excretion | Elimination of drugs from the body
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| Excretion can happen in: | Kidney- most often, Intestines, Lungs, Sweat, Salivary glands, Mammary glands-least common
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| Pharmacokinetic Variables | Onset, Peak, Duration, Range, Half-life, Trough, Toxicity
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| Onset | Duration of time it takes for drug to show therapeutic effects
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| Toxicity | Degree to which the substance can be harmful
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| Pharmacodynamics | The biochemical and physiological interactions of drugs in the body
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| Mechanism of Action can include: | Receptor Interactions, Enzyme Interactions, Nonselective Interactions
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| Receptor Interactions | Very Specific: On surface of the cell to turn on= agonist
to turn off= antagonist
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| Enzyme Interactions | Chemical reaction to make possible , also specific
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| Nonselective Interactions | General, not limited to a certain organism, not specific
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| Indication | why you are giving the drug? What response you expect to see?
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| Contraindication | Why would you Not give this drug?
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| Pharmacotherapeutics | Treatment of pathological conditions through the use of drugs
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| Types of Therapy can be: | Acute, Maintenance, Supplemental, Palliative, Supportive, Prophylactic
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| Acute Therapy | Right now, needed on the spot
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| Palliative Therapy | Control patients secretions
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| Prophylactic Therapy | Preventative measure
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| Monitoring would include: | Therapeutic index, Drugs concentration, Patients condition, Tolerance & Dependence
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| Tolerance | How much of a drug can be handled without significant side effects
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| Dependance | Needing a drug to maintain wellness
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| Drug Interactions | How well drugs can go together
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| Additive Effects | Combined effect, but no additional gain
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| Synergistic Effects | Increased gain = a high feeling when given together
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| Antagonistic Effects | 2+ drugs = less of an effect when given together
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| Incompatibility | DO Not Go together
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| Adverse Effects | Bad
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| Adverse Drug Reaction | Normal dose of a drug gives bad effects
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| Idiosyncratic Effects | Odd things that don't typically happen to patients that take the drug
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| Teratogenic Effects | Babies adversely affected by drugs
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| Mutagenic Effects | Genetic Mutations caused by drugs
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| Carcinogenic Effects | Drugs that Can produce cancer
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| 1st Trimester | Great time for concern b/c drugs can cross placental barrier via diffusion
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| Last Trimester | Greatest time for concern b/c it allows the greatest amount of drugs to cross the placental barrier
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| Pharmacology and Nursing | Need to understand drugs/meds and mechanism of action to provide optimal care and education
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| Legally | Nurses are Responsible for their own actions
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| Beneficence | Action done for benefit of others ex: resuscitating a drowning victim
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| Nonmalfeasance | Doctors attempt to do No harm to a patient
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| ANA Code of Ethics | Ethical & Professional standards
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| Fundamental Rule | Never administer an unfamiliar medication
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| Medication Error | Preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate use or patient harm while medication is in control of health care professional
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| Medication Errors can occur during: | Prescribing, Dispensing, Administering, and Monitoring
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| Avoid Errors | Nurses 6 rights for safe medication administration
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| Nurses 6 Rights | - Right client, Right time, Right medication,Right dose, Right route, Right documentation
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