ch 21 head and face injuries
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| how many bones does the skull contain | 28
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| How many auditory ossicles function in hearing | 6
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| where are the 6 auditory ossicles located | 3 on each side of the head
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| what consists of 8 bones that encase and protect the brain | cranial vault
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| the paired parietal bones join together at the | sagittal suture
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| the parietal bones abut the frontal bone at the | coronal suture
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| the occipital bone attaches to the parietal bones at the | lambdoid suture
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| fibrous tissues called ____ link the sutures of the skull together | fontanelles
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| at the base of each temporal bone is a cone shaped section of bone known as the | mastoid process
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| The floor of the cranial vault is devided into how many compartments? Name them | 3. Anterior fossa, middle fossa, posterior fossa
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| what forms a prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa, and is the point of attachment for the meninges | crista galli
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| what are the cranial nerves for smell | the olfactory nerves
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| what is the chamber inside the nose that lies between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth | the nasal cavity
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| what lies on either side of the foramen magnum and are the points of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column | occipital condyles
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| what is the irregular shaped bone in the posterior nasal cavity called | palatine bone
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| what bone extends along the front of the skull below the orbit | zygomatic arch
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| how many facial bones form the structure of the face, without contributing to the cranial vault | 14
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| two major nerves provide sensory and motor control to the face. Name them | the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve)and the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve)
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| The ophthalmic nerve supplies sense to what | the skin of the forehead, upper eyelid, and conjunctiva
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| the maxillary nerve supplies sense to what | the posterior part of the side of the nose, lower eye lid, cheek, upper lip
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| the mandibular nerve supplies sense to what | the muscles of chewing, skin of the lower lip, chin, temporal region, and part of the external ear
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| the facial nerve supplies sense to what | the muscles for facial expressions
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| Several bones associated with the nose contain cavities known as | the paranasal sinuses
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| What is the largest movable bone forming the lower jaw and containing the lower teeth | mandible
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| what "floats" in the superior aspect of the neck just below the mandible | hyoid bone
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| the eyeball is also know as the | globe
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| the globe is about ___ '' in diameter | 1
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| what nerve innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs and the upper eyelids | oculomotor nerve (3rd cranial nerve)
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| the whites of the eye are also known as | the sclera
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| what is the transparent anterior portion of the eye that overlies the iris and pupil | the cornea
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| what is the delicate mucus membrane that covers the sclera and internal surfaces of the eyelids but not the iris | the conjunctiva
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| what is the pigmented part of the eye that surrounds the pupil | the iris
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| what is behind the pupil and iris? It is a transparent structure that can alter it's thickness to focus light on the retina at the back of the eye | the lens
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| what lies in the posterior aspect of the interior globe, is a delicate, 10-layered structure of nervous tissue that extends from the optic nerve | retina
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| the anterior compartment of the eye is filled with a substance that if lost will gradually be replenished. what is it | aqueous humor
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| the posterior chamber of the eye is filled with a substance that if lost will not replenish. What is it | vitreous humor
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| a jelly like substance that maintains the shape of the globe, is | vitreous humor
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| the optic nerve transmits an image to the brain, where it is converted into conscious imigaes in the | visual cortex
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| which vision facilitates visualization of objects directly in front of you | central vision
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| which vision gives us visualization of lateral objects while looking forward | peripheral vision
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| what secrets and drains tears from the eye | lacrimal apparatus
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| the ear is devided into 3 anatomical parts. what are they | external, middle, and inner.
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| vibration of sound waves in against the tympanic membrane sets up vibration in the | ossicles
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| how many permanent teeth does the normal adult mouth contain | 32
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| the top portion of the tooth is called what | the crown
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| what forms the principal mass of the tooth | dentin
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| the sdockets in the gum for the tooth is called | alveoli
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| the ridges between the teeth are called | alveolar ridges
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| the chewing of food by the teeth is known as | mastication
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| what arteries run laterally to the cervical vertebrae in the posterior part of the neck | the vertebral arteries
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| the brain occupies how much of the cranial vault | 80%
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| there are 4 major regions of the brain. Name them | the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and the cerebellum
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| the brain metabolizes how much of the bodies glucose. In % and in mg/min | 25%, 60mg/min
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| what is the largest portion of the brain, and what is it responsible for | the cerebrum, higher functions such as reasoning
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| what is the largest portion of the cerebrum and what is it responsible for | the cerebral cortex, it regulates voluntary skeletal movement, and level of awareness
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| what lobe is important for voluntary motor action and personality traits | frontal lobe
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| what lobe controls the somatic, and voluntary sensory and motor functions for the opposite side of the body, as well as memory and emotions | parietal lobe
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| what lobe is reponsible for processing visial information | the occipital lobe
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| what lobe is the speech center located in | the temporal lobe
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| where do you find the thalmus, subthalmas, and hypothalmas | the diencephalon
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| what is located beneath the cerebral hemispheres in the inferoposterior part of the brain | the cerebellum
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| what does the brain stem consist of | the pons, midbrain, and the medulla
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| what is responsible for maintenance of consciousness | RAS, reticular activating system
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| what has an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture | basal ganglia
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| what influences emotions, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure | limbic system
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| protective layers that surround and enfold the entire CNS are called | Meninges
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| the outer most meninges layer is known as the | dura mater
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| what structure seperates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum and brain stem | tentorium
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| The second meningeal layer is a delicate transparent membrane called | the arachnoid
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| the third meningeal layer is known as the | pia mater
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| where are the meningeal arteries located | between the dura mater and the skull
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| bleeding above the dura mater is known as what type of bleed | epidural hematoma
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| where is CSF manufactured | in the ventricales of the brain
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| how much force is required to fracture the maxilla | up to 150g
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| what is dental malocclusion | misalignment of the teeth
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| what is a Le Forte I fracture | a horizontal fracture of the maxilla
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| what is a Le Forte II fracture | a pyramidal fracture involving the nasal bone, and the inferior maxilla
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| what is a Le Forte III fracture | a fracture of all midfacial bones, seperating the entire midface from the cranium
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| what is diplopia | double vision
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| what is the most common type of orbit fracture | inferior
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| ~ how many eye injuries occure in the united states each year | 1.5 million
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| if there is a laceration of the globe itself what shouldn't you do | apply pressure to the eye
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| what is bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye that obscures vision | Hyphema
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| what is seperation of the inner layers of the retina from the underlying choroid | retinal detachment
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| what is the most important symptom of an eye injury | visual loss that does not improve when the patient blinks
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| what is the condition in which the pupils are not of equal size | Anisocoria
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| If part of the globe is exposed what should you do | gently apply a moist sterile dressing to prevent drying
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| when flushing an eye, you should always flush from what side of the eye | the nose side, so you don't flush the material into the unaffected eye
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| what are the three different types of contact lenses. | hard, rigid gaspermeable, and soft
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| when is the only indication for removing contact lenses in the field | a chemical burn, because the chemical might be trapped under the contact lens
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| What is the Pinna | the ear
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| when caring for an avulsed tooth, what shouldn't you do, and what should you preserve it in | touch the root, and cold whole milk or sterile water or saline
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| what should you do with an open neck would | seal it with an occlusive dressing immediately
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| what is tracheal transection | when the trachea is seperated from the larynx
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| what can be used as a fast way to seal a small hole in the chest | ECK electrodes
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| what does BTF stand for | brain trauma foundation
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| according to BTF how many deaths occur anually from severe head injury | 52,000
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| scalp lacerations often what | indicate deeper more severe injuries
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| skull fractures are broken down into four different types. What are they | Linear, depressed, basilar, open
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| Which fracture accounts for 80% of all fractures to the skull | linear skull fractures
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| what skull fracture results from high-energy direct trauma to a small surface area of the head with a blunt object | Depressed
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| What 2 regions of the skull are most susceptible to a depressed skull fracture due to bone thickness | the frontal and parietal
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| What skull fracture is associated with high energy trauma, but they usually occur following diffuse impact to the head | Basilar
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| What is defined as a traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes | traumatic brain injury
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| Normal ICP in adults ranges from | 0-15mm Hg
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| what is the pressure of blood flow through the brain | CPP, Cerebral profusion pressure
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| what is the average pressure against the arterial wall during a cardiac cycle | MAP, Mean arterial pressure
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| What is the critical minimum threshold | the minimum CPP required to adequately to profuse the brain
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| what is the minimum CPP required to profuse the brain | 60mm Hg
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| A CPP below 60mm Hg does what | doubles the patients chance of dying
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| The body responds to a decrease in CPP by increasing the MAP. This is known as | autoregulation
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