Motivation
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| Instinct theories | Motivation theory involving unlearned, uniform, and universal behavioral patterns. Does not work as well for humans
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| Sociobiological theories | Motivation theory involving a genetic and evolutionary basis for social behavior in all animals. Difficult to test and can be controversial with stereotyping.
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| Homeostasis | Drive theory involving staying the same, with a balance to reduce an internal state of tension - like hunger
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| Incentive theory | Theory saying that external goals have a capacity to motivate behavior. Involves expectancy and value of the goal
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| Intrinsic motivation | States that motivation is internal, usually from feeling satisfaction or fulfillment.
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| Extrinsic motivation | States that motivation is external, usually from rewards or punishments.
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| Biological motives | Extrinsic motivator that includes sleep, hunger, temperature, bathroom
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| Social motives | Extrinsic motivator that includes achievement, affiliation, play, dominance
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| Arousal Theory | Theory that emphasizes urge for optimal level of stimulation
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| Overjustification | Rewarding a person for performing a task that a person considers adequately rewarded / worth doing for own's sake. Results in reduction of liking of a task (like getting paid for sport.)
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| Lateral hypothalamus | Causes overeating when stimulated, stops eating when lesioned.
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| Ventromedial hypothalamus | Stops eating when stimulated, causes overeating when lesioned.
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| Paraventricular nucleus | Area of hypothalamus that plays larger role in hunger
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| Glucostats | Neurons sensitive to glucose that uptake into cells from blood
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| Insulin | This hormone must be present to extract glucose from the blood. If non-diabetics obtain a vaccination of this they get hungry
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| Cholecystokinin | Hormone that makes one feel full
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| Leptin | Hormone produced by fat cells that causes receptors to inhibit the release of neuropeptide Y - inhibiting eating
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| Observational learning | Environmental factor that affects hunger by allowing models to shape eating habits
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| Classical conditioning | Environmental factor that affects hunger by associating food with pleasant experiences
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| Obesity | Defined as a BMI of above 30 (20% of Americans). Number increasing
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| Metabolic rate | How fast one burns off calories. Said to be more genetic than environmental
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| Set point | Natural area of stability in body weight - body monitors fat cells. Size of them changes not number.
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| Dietary restraint | States that people on diets think of food more, so they eat more and gain more weight. Researched debatable.
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| The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | A projective test where one looks at a picture and writes a story about it
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| Projective tests | Test when subjects respond to vague ambiguous stimuli revealing personal motives and traits
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| Affiliation | Need to associate with others and maintain social bonds.
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| Achievement | Need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and maintain high standards.
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| Situational factors in achievement | Probability of success (higher the better), and incentive value (the higher the better)
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| Cognitive, physiological, behavioral | Aspects of emotion
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| Cognitive emotion | Subjective conscious experience of emotion - relies on the subject's verbal response
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| Physiological emotion | Actions of autonomic nervous system.
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| Limbic system (amygdala and hypothalamus) | Part of body that modulates emotion
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| Galvanic skin response | Measures increase in electrical conductivity of skin that occurs when one sweats - good measure of autonomic arousal
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| Polygraph machine | Device that measures heart rate, respiration rate, GSR, and blood pressure. Can show change in autonomic arousal when subject is questioned - not necessarily good lying detector
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| Fast pathway | Path through the eyes that sends fear signal to amygdala
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| Slow pathway | Path that sends fear signal to cortex
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| Behavioral emotion | Consists of facial expressions and body language - innate
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| Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust | Six universal emotions
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| Facial feedback hypothesis | Facial muscles send signals to brain, which help brain recognize emotion
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| Display ruels | Different cultures have different rules regarding expression of emotions
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| James-Lange | Theory of emotion that says conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of autonomic arousal (sweat and pulse races, then must be afraid)
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| Cannon Bard | Theory of emotion that says one can't tell the difference between physiological factor and emotion (pulse vs fear / anger / happiness). Two signals - one to autonomic, one to cortex
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| Schachter's Two factor theory | Theory of emotion that says people look at the situation to determine what emotion they experience - combination of autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation.
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| Evolutionary theory | Theory of emotion that states that emotions developed for adaptive value (evolved before thought)
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