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Motivation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Instinct theories | Motivation theory involving unlearned, uniform, and universal behavioral patterns. Does not work as well for humans |
| Sociobiological theories | Motivation theory involving a genetic and evolutionary basis for social behavior in all animals. Difficult to test and can be controversial with stereotyping. |
| Homeostasis | Drive theory involving staying the same, with a balance to reduce an internal state of tension - like hunger |
| Incentive theory | Theory saying that external goals have a capacity to motivate behavior. Involves expectancy and value of the goal |
| Intrinsic motivation | States that motivation is internal, usually from feeling satisfaction or fulfillment. |
| Extrinsic motivation | States that motivation is external, usually from rewards or punishments. |
| Biological motives | Extrinsic motivator that includes sleep, hunger, temperature, bathroom |
| Social motives | Extrinsic motivator that includes achievement, affiliation, play, dominance |
| Arousal Theory | Theory that emphasizes urge for optimal level of stimulation |
| Overjustification | Rewarding a person for performing a task that a person considers adequately rewarded / worth doing for own's sake. Results in reduction of liking of a task (like getting paid for sport.) |
| Lateral hypothalamus | Causes overeating when stimulated, stops eating when lesioned. |
| Ventromedial hypothalamus | Stops eating when stimulated, causes overeating when lesioned. |
| Paraventricular nucleus | Area of hypothalamus that plays larger role in hunger |
| Glucostats | Neurons sensitive to glucose that uptake into cells from blood |
| Insulin | This hormone must be present to extract glucose from the blood. If non-diabetics obtain a vaccination of this they get hungry |
| Cholecystokinin | Hormone that makes one feel full |
| Leptin | Hormone produced by fat cells that causes receptors to inhibit the release of neuropeptide Y - inhibiting eating |
| Observational learning | Environmental factor that affects hunger by allowing models to shape eating habits |
| Classical conditioning | Environmental factor that affects hunger by associating food with pleasant experiences |
| Obesity | Defined as a BMI of above 30 (20% of Americans). Number increasing |
| Metabolic rate | How fast one burns off calories. Said to be more genetic than environmental |
| Set point | Natural area of stability in body weight - body monitors fat cells. Size of them changes not number. |
| Dietary restraint | States that people on diets think of food more, so they eat more and gain more weight. Researched debatable. |
| The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | A projective test where one looks at a picture and writes a story about it |
| Projective tests | Test when subjects respond to vague ambiguous stimuli revealing personal motives and traits |
| Affiliation | Need to associate with others and maintain social bonds. |
| Achievement | Need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and maintain high standards. |
| Situational factors in achievement | Probability of success (higher the better), and incentive value (the higher the better) |
| Cognitive, physiological, behavioral | Aspects of emotion |
| Cognitive emotion | Subjective conscious experience of emotion - relies on the subject's verbal response |
| Physiological emotion | Actions of autonomic nervous system. |
| Limbic system (amygdala and hypothalamus) | Part of body that modulates emotion |
| Galvanic skin response | Measures increase in electrical conductivity of skin that occurs when one sweats - good measure of autonomic arousal |
| Polygraph machine | Device that measures heart rate, respiration rate, GSR, and blood pressure. Can show change in autonomic arousal when subject is questioned - not necessarily good lying detector |
| Fast pathway | Path through the eyes that sends fear signal to amygdala |
| Slow pathway | Path that sends fear signal to cortex |
| Behavioral emotion | Consists of facial expressions and body language - innate |
| Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust | Six universal emotions |
| Facial feedback hypothesis | Facial muscles send signals to brain, which help brain recognize emotion |
| Display ruels | Different cultures have different rules regarding expression of emotions |
| James-Lange | Theory of emotion that says conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of autonomic arousal (sweat and pulse races, then must be afraid) |
| Cannon Bard | Theory of emotion that says one can't tell the difference between physiological factor and emotion (pulse vs fear / anger / happiness). Two signals - one to autonomic, one to cortex |
| Schachter's Two factor theory | Theory of emotion that says people look at the situation to determine what emotion they experience - combination of autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation. |
| Evolutionary theory | Theory of emotion that states that emotions developed for adaptive value (evolved before thought) |
Created by:
uriel_magana
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