chapter 2 molecules of cells
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space
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| atom | the smallest stable unit of matter
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| atoms are classified into groups called | elements
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| what percent is your body mass C,O,H,N | 95%
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| what is an element | atoms that contain the same number of protons
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| electrical charge of a proton | positive
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| location of a proton | nucleus
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| electrical charge of a neutron | none
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| location of a neutron | nucleus
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| electrical charge of a electron | negative
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| location of a electron | outside of nucleus (orbital)
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| isotope | have same # of protons but different # of neutrons
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| what plays a major role in chemical bond formation | the # of electrons in outermost orbit
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| octet rule | atoms that have more than one orbital are most stable when they have 8 electrons
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| carbon has how many electrons | four
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| ionic bond | charged atoms form, opposite atoms attract (one atom to another atom)
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| covalent bond | share electrons
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| polar covalent bond | electrons are not shared equally, bond has slight + and - charges
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| non-polar covalent bond | electrons are shared equally, bond has no charge
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| hydrogen bonding | attraction between + charge of hydrogen in one molecule and - charge in another molecule
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| most chemicals will dissolve in | water
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| water is | liquid between 0-100 celcius
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| hydrophilic molecules | have a charge and dissolve in water (polar and ions)
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| hydrophobic molecules | have no charge and do not dissolve in water (oils, fats)
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| water molecules are | cohesive and adhesive (stick to each other & stick to other polar/charged things)
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| temperature of ____?_____ rises and falls more slowly than other liquids under the same condition | water
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| takes a lot of ____?___ to change liquid water into steam | heat
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| water has a __?__ __?__ tension | high / surface
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| frozen water is more/less dense than liquid water | less
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| acids | release H+ when they separate in water
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| bases | accept H+ or release OH+ when they separate in water
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| ph scale - 7 is | neutral
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| ph scale - less than 7 is | acidic
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| ph scale - greater than 7 is | basic
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| buffers | molecules that maintain ph
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| inorganic molecules | small ionic, no carbon, nonliving matter
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| organic molecules | has carbon, very large, living organisms
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| monomers | small molecules, exist by themselves or link up to form polymer molecules
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| polymer | large chains of smaller molecules
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| dehydration reaction | water is taken out and covalent bond is formed between monomers to form a larger polymer
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| hydrolysis reaction | water is added, polymer is broken down into smaller monomers
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| fats | in animals, serves as insulation and long term energy storage
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| unsaturated fatty acids | double bonds between carbons, lower melting point, healthier (oil)
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| saturated fatty acids | no double bonds between carbons, higher melting point, cardiovascular disease (butter)
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| trans fats | fats that have been altered by the addition of hydrogen, most harmful
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| phospholipids | forms the basic structure for the plasma membrane, membranes inside cell
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| steriods | are hormones
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| protein support | structural proteins (hair, nails)
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| protein enzymes | speed up chemical reaction in a cell
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| protein transport | channel proteins in the plasma membrane that allow substances to enter the cell
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| protein defense | antibodies of the immune system fight foreign invaders
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| protein hormones | intercellular messengers that are made up of one cell and act on another cell
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| protein motion/movement | actin and myosin contract during muscle contraction
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| B. Structure | amino acids, building blocks of protein
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| how many different amino acids are there | 20
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| proteins are | large chains of amino acids
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| peptide | short chain of amino acids (2-14)
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| polypeptide | longer chains of amino acids (14+)
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| denaturation of proteins | changes in ph cause proteins to loose their shape and function (destroying structure)
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | stores the genetic information in the cell
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| what determines protein shape and function | DNA
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| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | translates the genetic information of dna into protein
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| structure of DNA | A, T, G, N, C
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| structure of RNA | A, U, G, N, C
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| nucleotide has 3 regions (DNA, RNA) | phosphate, sugar, nitrogen
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | composed of one nucleotide, energy stored in phosphate bond, functions as a carrier of energy in cells
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| starch - polysaccharides | energy stored in plants
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| glycogen - polysaccharides | energy stored in animals
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| cellulose - polysaccharides | provides structural support in plant cell walls (animals cant digest)
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| chitin - polysaccharides | provides structural support in exoskeleton of crabs and insects
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