The Human Digestive System
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| Digestion | The process of breaking down food taken by an organism into smaller elements that the organism can use to live, grow and repair itself.
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| Mechanical Digestion | The initial stage of physically breaking down food into smaller pieces. Occurs in the mouth. Teeth chew the food and the tongue manipulates it.
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| Chemical Digestion | The separation of food into its molecular components by chemical means. Begins in the mouth with the digestion enzymes in saliva. Continues in the stomach. Completed in the small intestine.
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| Tongue | Made of skeletal muscles. Covered in papillae.
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| Papillae | Bumpy structures that house taste buds.
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| Uvula | Hangs from the middle of the roof of the mouth (soft palate) that prevents food from entering the pharynx when we swallow.
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| Salivary Glands | They secrete saliva which mixes with food.
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| Esophagus | Lined with circular and longitudinal muscles. Covered in a lubricant called mucin. Circular ring at the lower end controls the flow of food into (or out of) the stomach.
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| Stomach | Food enters from the esophagus. Muscular, j-shaped, sac-like organ. Interior lining is covered with millions of gastric glands. Has 3 muscular layers. Muscular layers help break the food down and the gastric juices mix to form chyme.
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| Pyloric Sphincter | A circular muscle layer between the stomach and the small intestine. Contracts and relaxes to control the flow of food leaving the stomach.
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| Duodenum | U-shaped. Shortest and widest section. Has many folds that contain small, visible, finger-like projections called villi.
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| Villi | Small, finger-like projections. Functions to increase the absorptive surface of the intestine.
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| Jejunum | Contains more folds and intestinal glands than the duodenum. Breaks down remaining proteins and carbohydrates for absorption.
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| Ileum | ...
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| Caecum | The blind end of the large intestine. The appendix is attached to the caecum but it plays no role digestion. Plays some roles in fighting infection.
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| Colon | The main part of the large intestine. The undigested food passes up, along and down the ________.
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| Feces | The mass of undigestible material that remains at the end of the colon.
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| Peristalsis | The term given to the movement of food through the digestive tract. A series of wave-like muscular contractions and relaxations.
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| Hydrolysis | Water molecules are inserted between the bonds in macromolecules which breaks them down into smaller particles. Sped up by enzymes.
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| Liver | Produces bile salts from cholesterol. Used to break up fat. Also recycles, stores and detoxifies.
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| Pancreas | Source of several enzymes. Helps to change pH of chyme before it enters the duodenum.
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| Gall Bladder | Stores bile produced in the liver for use later on.
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