General Defences
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| Intoxication | More likely to provide a defence to crimes of specific intent
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| Insanity | Defined by M'Naghten Rules
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| Bratty | Epilepsy = insanity (Denning)
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| Burgess | Sleepwalker - attack with VCR!
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| Windle | 'I suppose they will hang me for this'
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| Kingston | Involuntary intoxication but no defence as he had MR
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| R v T | Rape causing PTSD = external factor
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| Hardie | Vallium wardrobe guy
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| Quick | Diabetic nurse - automatism
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| Hennessy | Diabetic driver - insanity
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| Majewski | Outlines rules on intoxication
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| Lipman | Intoxication successful defence to murder
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| AG's Ref #2 of 92 | D must lose control completely to plead automatism
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| Clarke | Insanity does not include absent-mindedness
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| Gallagher | 'Dutch courage' = no defence
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| Hatton/O'Grady | Intoxicated mistake is no excuse in self-defence
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| Allen | Home-made wine - still voluntary intoxication
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| Barnes | Sports + consent
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| Aitken | RAF case - rough horseplay
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| Jones | Throwing in air - rough horseplay
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| Leach | Crucifixion - dangerous exhibition?
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| Dica | HIV transmission - not informed consent
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| Wilson | Branding - body adornment
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| Brown/Emmett | Intentional infliction of pain/injury unlikely to become lawful because of consent
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| Pretty | Consent is no defence to murder
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| Martin | Unreasonable force in defence of home
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| Buckley | Relative size and strength may be taken into account in self defence
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| Rashford/Keane | If D was the initial aggressor, self-defence MAY still succeed
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| Bird | Failure to retreat won't automatically preclude self-defence
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| Oye | Delusional belief in a threat won't be acceptable for self defence
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| Beckford | Pre-emptive strike in self defence is acceptable
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| Palmer | D needn't 'weigh to a nicety' his response to a threat
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| Duress by threats | D was forced to commit crime by threat of death or serious harm
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| Duress of circumstances | D was forced to commit a crime by circumstances presenting a threat of death or serious harm
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| Necessity | Similar to duress of circumstances but possibly available for murder?
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| Howe | Duress not accepted as defence to murder
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| Dudley & Stephens | Necessity failed as defence - shipwreck
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| Re A | Necessity discussed in case about conjoined twins
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| Willer | Duress of circumstances case - reckless driving
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| Gotts | Duress not a defence to attempted murder
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| Hasan | Duress not available to those associating with violent people or if threat is not imminent
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| Shepherd | Duress was available where gang were not initially violent
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| Bowen | D's low IQ could not be taken into account in duress test
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| Wilson | Duress no defence to murder by 13 year old
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| Graham | Sets out test for duress
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| Cole | In duress there must be nexus between crime and instruction
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| Collins | Illustrates 'householder' rule in self-defence
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| Williams (Gladstone) | Genuine, but mistaken belief that force was necessary
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| R v B&M | Body modification case
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Created by:
Mr Lovell
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