Blood definitions
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| Intravascular | Fluid compartment that exists within blood vessels
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| Interstitial | Fluid compartment in microscopic spaces between tissue cells
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| Intracellular | Fluid compartment within cells
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| Blood | The life sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system
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| Plasma | Nonliving substance that makes up the matrix of blood
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| Hematocrit | Precent of blood volume that is RBC's
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| Buffy coat | Thin, whitish layer between RBC's and plasma layer in a spun tube of blood, made of WBC's and platelets
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| Plasma proteins | Most abundant type of solutes in plasma
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| Albumin | Plasma protein that maintains osmotic pressure and fluid balance
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| Fibrinogen | Blood clotting plasma protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin threads
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| Thrombin | Converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin
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| Globulins | Plasma proteins with the least percentage
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| Alpha and Beta Globulins | Plasma proteins that transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in blood
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| Gamma Globulins | Plasma protein that is produced by the lymphoid tissue and are also known as immunoglobulins
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| Plasma | Liquid minus blood cells
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| Serum | Liquid minus blood cells and clotting factors
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| Formed Elements | RBC's, WBC's and Platelets
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| Erythrocytes | Small in diameter, biconcave enucleate discs that are important in gas exchange
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| Hemoglobin | This consists of red heme pigment bound to the protein globin
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| Globin | Composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains
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| Heme pigment | element that is bonded to each global chain that gives blood the red colour
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| Hemoglobin | HB
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| Oxyhemoglobin | Ruby read complex when Hemoglobin is loaded with oxygen
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| Deoxyhemoglobin | Dark red "unloaded" Hemoglobin
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| Carbaminohemoglobin | When Carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin
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| Hematopoiesis | The formation of all blood cells
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| Hemocytoblasts | Hematopoietic stem cells
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| Hematopoietic stem cells | Givre rise to all formed elements
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| Erythropoiesis | The production of red blood cells
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| Myeloid stem cell | Hematopoietic stem cell that transforms into a reticulocyte
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| reticulocyte | Immature erythrocyte
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| Hypoxia | Not enough oxygen
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| Erythropoietin | Hormone that stimulates the formation of RBC's
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| Ferritin | Iron cells are stored in cells as this
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| Bilirubin | breakdown of heme forms this yellow pigment
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| Anemia | Condition in which blood has abnormal low oxygen capacity
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| Polycythemia | a disease state where hematocrit is >55%, causing sluggish blood flow and clotting
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| Blood doping | when athletes remove, store and rein fuse RBC's before an event to increase O2 levels for stamina
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| Leukocytes | formed element that makes up ,1% of total blood volume, has the only complete cell with a nucleus/organelles
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| Diapedesis | the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
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| Chemotaxis | movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.
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| Leukocytosis | an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, especially during an infection.
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| Granulocytes | WBC's that contain visible cytoplasmic granules
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| Agranulocytes | WBC's that do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules
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| Neutrophils, Lympocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils | Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
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| Granulocytes | WBC's that contain lobed circular nuclei and are phagocytic
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| Neutrophils | WBC's that contain hydrolytic enzymes defensives, nucleus has 3-6 lobes and have a lifespan of hours-days
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| Defensins | antimicrobial proteins that are released from neutrophils to destroy bacteria
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| Eosinophils | WBC's that has a 2 lobed nucleus connected by a broad band, lines respiratory and digestive tracts, plays a role in allergies and asthma and as well as immune response and protecting against parasites
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| Basophils | Rarest WBC's
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| Basophils | WBC's that have a deep purple nucleus, contains histamines and secretes heparin
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| Histamine | an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts WBC's to inflamed sites
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| Heparin | Anticoagulant
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| Lymphocytes | WBC that has circular nuclei and are crucial to immunity
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| T cells | Lymphocytes that act against virus-infected cells and tutor cells
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| B cells | Lymphocytes that give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies/immunogoblins
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| Monocytes | Largest of all leukocytes, pale blue cytoplasm and a kidney-shaped nuclei, very motile and phagocytic differentiate into macrophages, activate lymphocytes
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| Leukopoiesis | Production of WBC's
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| Lymphoid stem cells | Producer of lymphocytes
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| Myeloid stem cells | Produce all elements of WBCS besides lymphocytes
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| Leukemias | a leukocyte disorder in which there is too many immature cells
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| Mononucleuosis | a leukocyte disorder in which lymphocytes look like monocytes
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| Leukopenia | a leukocyte disorder in which body is different of WBC's
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| Platelets (thrombocytes) | Develop from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
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| Platelets | Cell fragments that form a temporary plug to seal breaks in blood vessels
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| Hemostasis | Fast series of reactions for stopping bleeding
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| Vascular spasm | the vessels response to injury with vasoconstriction
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| Platelet plug formation | Platelets stick to collagen fibres that are exposed
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| Coagulation | Blood clotting
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| coagulation factors | Proteins I - XIII, calcium and Vitamin K
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| Intrinsic pathway | Pathway where clotting factors are present within the blood
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| Extrinsic pathway | the faster pathway where factors needed for clotting are located outside the blood
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| Prothrombinase | Prothrombin activator is also known as ________
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| Prothrominase | Factor X combines with Calcium to form this
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| Common pathway | this pathway causes prothrombinase to convert prothrombin
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| prothrombin to thrombin | On the common pathway prothrombinase converts _____ -> _______
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| Thrombin | Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
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| Fibrinogen | Soluble protein
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| Fibrin | Insoluble protein that forms structural basis of clot
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| Factor XIII | Factor that strengths and stablizises clot
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| Thrombin and Calcium | Activates factor XIII
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| Anticoagulation | against clotting
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| Heparin | Prevents thrombin from clotting, therefore inhibiting the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
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| Fibrinolysis | Process whereby clots are removed after repair is complete
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| Plasminogen | A plasma protein that is converted to plasmin
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| Plasmin | A fibrin digesting enzyme "clot buster"
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| Whole blood transfusion | transfusion used only when blood loss is rapid and substatial
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| Packed red blood cells | PRBC's
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| PRBC's | Blood with plasma and WBC's removed
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| Cross match | Trefers to the test that is performed prior to a blood transfusion in order to determine if the donor's blood is compatible with the blood of an intended recipient.
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| Antigen | A substance that causes the formation of an antibody, "flags"
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| Antibodies | element in blood plasma that reacts with specific blood antigens
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| Transfusion reactions | Occur when blood that is infused is mismatched, results in donor cells being attacked by recipients plasma agglutinins
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| Type O- | Universal donor
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| Type AB+ | Universal recipient
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| Type A | Has only A agglutinogens
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| Type B | Has only B agglutinogens
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| Type AB | Has both A and B agglutinogens
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| Type O | Has neither agglutinogens
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| Antigen D | Rh blood group
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| Rh+ blood | Rh antigens present on RBC membranes no agglutinins
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| Rh- blood | No Rh antigens are present on RBC membranes
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| Eythroblastosis fetalis | Hemolytic disease of newborn occurring when mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+
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| RhoGAM | immune globulin is a medication used to prevent Rh isoimmunization in mothers who are Rh negative, given during the 2nd trimester and 48 hours after birth
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| Differential WBC count | Diagnostic test that looks at relative proportions of each WBC
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| CBC complete blood count | Diagnostic test that checks formed elements, hematocrit and hemoglobin
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