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Chapter 17:Blood
Blood definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Intravascular | Fluid compartment that exists within blood vessels |
| Interstitial | Fluid compartment in microscopic spaces between tissue cells |
| Intracellular | Fluid compartment within cells |
| Blood | The life sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system |
| Plasma | Nonliving substance that makes up the matrix of blood |
| Hematocrit | Precent of blood volume that is RBC's |
| Buffy coat | Thin, whitish layer between RBC's and plasma layer in a spun tube of blood, made of WBC's and platelets |
| Plasma proteins | Most abundant type of solutes in plasma |
| Albumin | Plasma protein that maintains osmotic pressure and fluid balance |
| Fibrinogen | Blood clotting plasma protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin threads |
| Thrombin | Converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin |
| Globulins | Plasma proteins with the least percentage |
| Alpha and Beta Globulins | Plasma proteins that transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in blood |
| Gamma Globulins | Plasma protein that is produced by the lymphoid tissue and are also known as immunoglobulins |
| Plasma | Liquid minus blood cells |
| Serum | Liquid minus blood cells and clotting factors |
| Formed Elements | RBC's, WBC's and Platelets |
| Erythrocytes | Small in diameter, biconcave enucleate discs that are important in gas exchange |
| Hemoglobin | This consists of red heme pigment bound to the protein globin |
| Globin | Composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains |
| Heme pigment | element that is bonded to each global chain that gives blood the red colour |
| Hemoglobin | HB |
| Oxyhemoglobin | Ruby read complex when Hemoglobin is loaded with oxygen |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | Dark red "unloaded" Hemoglobin |
| Carbaminohemoglobin | When Carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin |
| Hematopoiesis | The formation of all blood cells |
| Hemocytoblasts | Hematopoietic stem cells |
| Hematopoietic stem cells | Givre rise to all formed elements |
| Erythropoiesis | The production of red blood cells |
| Myeloid stem cell | Hematopoietic stem cell that transforms into a reticulocyte |
| reticulocyte | Immature erythrocyte |
| Hypoxia | Not enough oxygen |
| Erythropoietin | Hormone that stimulates the formation of RBC's |
| Ferritin | Iron cells are stored in cells as this |
| Bilirubin | breakdown of heme forms this yellow pigment |
| Anemia | Condition in which blood has abnormal low oxygen capacity |
| Polycythemia | a disease state where hematocrit is >55%, causing sluggish blood flow and clotting |
| Blood doping | when athletes remove, store and rein fuse RBC's before an event to increase O2 levels for stamina |
| Leukocytes | formed element that makes up ,1% of total blood volume, has the only complete cell with a nucleus/organelles |
| Diapedesis | the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation. |
| Chemotaxis | movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance. |
| Leukocytosis | an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, especially during an infection. |
| Granulocytes | WBC's that contain visible cytoplasmic granules |
| Agranulocytes | WBC's that do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules |
| Neutrophils, Lympocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils | Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas |
| Granulocytes | WBC's that contain lobed circular nuclei and are phagocytic |
| Neutrophils | WBC's that contain hydrolytic enzymes defensives, nucleus has 3-6 lobes and have a lifespan of hours-days |
| Defensins | antimicrobial proteins that are released from neutrophils to destroy bacteria |
| Eosinophils | WBC's that has a 2 lobed nucleus connected by a broad band, lines respiratory and digestive tracts, plays a role in allergies and asthma and as well as immune response and protecting against parasites |
| Basophils | Rarest WBC's |
| Basophils | WBC's that have a deep purple nucleus, contains histamines and secretes heparin |
| Histamine | an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts WBC's to inflamed sites |
| Heparin | Anticoagulant |
| Lymphocytes | WBC that has circular nuclei and are crucial to immunity |
| T cells | Lymphocytes that act against virus-infected cells and tutor cells |
| B cells | Lymphocytes that give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies/immunogoblins |
| Monocytes | Largest of all leukocytes, pale blue cytoplasm and a kidney-shaped nuclei, very motile and phagocytic differentiate into macrophages, activate lymphocytes |
| Leukopoiesis | Production of WBC's |
| Lymphoid stem cells | Producer of lymphocytes |
| Myeloid stem cells | Produce all elements of WBCS besides lymphocytes |
| Leukemias | a leukocyte disorder in which there is too many immature cells |
| Mononucleuosis | a leukocyte disorder in which lymphocytes look like monocytes |
| Leukopenia | a leukocyte disorder in which body is different of WBC's |
| Platelets (thrombocytes) | Develop from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow |
| Platelets | Cell fragments that form a temporary plug to seal breaks in blood vessels |
| Hemostasis | Fast series of reactions for stopping bleeding |
| Vascular spasm | the vessels response to injury with vasoconstriction |
| Platelet plug formation | Platelets stick to collagen fibres that are exposed |
| Coagulation | Blood clotting |
| coagulation factors | Proteins I - XIII, calcium and Vitamin K |
| Intrinsic pathway | Pathway where clotting factors are present within the blood |
| Extrinsic pathway | the faster pathway where factors needed for clotting are located outside the blood |
| Prothrombinase | Prothrombin activator is also known as ________ |
| Prothrominase | Factor X combines with Calcium to form this |
| Common pathway | this pathway causes prothrombinase to convert prothrombin |
| prothrombin to thrombin | On the common pathway prothrombinase converts _____ -> _______ |
| Thrombin | Converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
| Fibrinogen | Soluble protein |
| Fibrin | Insoluble protein that forms structural basis of clot |
| Factor XIII | Factor that strengths and stablizises clot |
| Thrombin and Calcium | Activates factor XIII |
| Anticoagulation | against clotting |
| Heparin | Prevents thrombin from clotting, therefore inhibiting the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
| Fibrinolysis | Process whereby clots are removed after repair is complete |
| Plasminogen | A plasma protein that is converted to plasmin |
| Plasmin | A fibrin digesting enzyme "clot buster" |
| Whole blood transfusion | transfusion used only when blood loss is rapid and substatial |
| Packed red blood cells | PRBC's |
| PRBC's | Blood with plasma and WBC's removed |
| Cross match | Trefers to the test that is performed prior to a blood transfusion in order to determine if the donor's blood is compatible with the blood of an intended recipient. |
| Antigen | A substance that causes the formation of an antibody, "flags" |
| Antibodies | element in blood plasma that reacts with specific blood antigens |
| Transfusion reactions | Occur when blood that is infused is mismatched, results in donor cells being attacked by recipients plasma agglutinins |
| Type O- | Universal donor |
| Type AB+ | Universal recipient |
| Type A | Has only A agglutinogens |
| Type B | Has only B agglutinogens |
| Type AB | Has both A and B agglutinogens |
| Type O | Has neither agglutinogens |
| Antigen D | Rh blood group |
| Rh+ blood | Rh antigens present on RBC membranes no agglutinins |
| Rh- blood | No Rh antigens are present on RBC membranes |
| Eythroblastosis fetalis | Hemolytic disease of newborn occurring when mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+ |
| RhoGAM | immune globulin is a medication used to prevent Rh isoimmunization in mothers who are Rh negative, given during the 2nd trimester and 48 hours after birth |
| Differential WBC count | Diagnostic test that looks at relative proportions of each WBC |
| CBC complete blood count | Diagnostic test that checks formed elements, hematocrit and hemoglobin |
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