Immunity and Defense
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Innate Immunity is __________. | non specific
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Adaptive (acquired Immunity) __________ is. | specific
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responds to the first and second line of defense | Innate Immunity
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responds to the third line of defense | Adaptive immunity (specific)
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Type of defense that is considered the outside environment | first line of defense
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type of defense that occurs inside the host | second line of defense and (innate) non specific
third line of defense (adaptive) specific
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Intact skin Mucous membranes and their secretions normal microbiota | innate immunity
first line of defense
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natural killer cells and phagocytic white blood cells inflammation fever antimicrobial substances | second line of defense (innate immunity)
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specialized lymphocytes cells and B cells antibodies | third line of defense
(adaptive acquired immunity)
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Innate immunity is present_________> | at birth.
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Adaptive acquired/specific) is partially__________. | present at birth
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Innate immunity is non_________ and does not have any _______ cells. | non specific, memory
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The time of response for Innate Immunity is | Immediately
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The time of response for Adaptive Immunity is | days to weeks
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T/F Innate immunity and adaptive immunity have extensive interaction. | True
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Innate immunity has immunological "_____________" that are carried out by ___________. | check points, dendritic cells
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The natural antimicrobials that are associated with innate immunity are: | lysozymes, antimicrobial peptides, antibodies
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On the Mucosal and skin surfaces the physical barrier of innate immunity include: | mucus that traps microorganisms,
cilia low respiratory tract
mucous coated hair in nose
flow washing
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Lysozyme's are enzymes that degrades peptidoglycan's such as: | sweat, saliva, tears, nasal secretions
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Lysozymes are more likely to affect | gram positives they are more suitable than gram negatives
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cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by | defense and epithelial cells.
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cationic Antimicrobial peptides (Amp)s are 15-50 amino acids, positively charged and amphipathic that | selectively disrupt membranes without cholesterol
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cationic Antimicrobial peptides | kill bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses
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cell penetrating AMPs inhibits | DNA and protein synthesis
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AMPs display chemotactic activity and | recruit defense cells
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In the skin the Keratin layer (waterproofing) | constant sheds
hypertonic (very dry)
Hard to degrade/diges
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In the skin sebaceous glands | antimicrobial fatty acids and a ph 3-5 very acidic
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Perspiration in the skin involves___________. | lysozymes
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The upper respiratory tract provide protection by _______. | epithelium, mucus, ciliary escalator, sloughing
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The lower respiratory tract provides protection in _______. | the alveoli by macrophages
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flow washing prevents colonization of : | tears, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions and feces
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Gastric Juice has: | Ph of 1.2 to 3
hydrochloric acid
enzymes
mucus
flow
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Toll-like recognize non-self molecules | that are broadly shared among pathogens )PAMPs
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PAMPs stands for | pathogen associated molecular patterns.
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toll like receptors are located on epithelial cells and after microbes breach | are the first line of defense
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Molecules that toll like receptors recognize among pathogens are: | peptidoglycans, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) flagella in flagella
lipopolysaccharides acid and nucleic acids
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cells that are activated by toll like receptor's (TLC) express | cytokines
antimicrobial peptides
chemicals that promote inflammation
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multifunctional cellular chemical messengers | cytokines
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cytokines are made from________. | proteins and glycoproteins
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Cytokines are critical to the functioning of both _______ and ______ immune responses. | innate, adaptive
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Cytokines induce complex and diverse cellar responses that up regulate or down regulate cell activity such as: | cell differentiation, cell proliferation, secretion of other cytokines
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chemokines (many cell types) are the | attractants (type of cytokines)
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Interferons (many cell types) | antiviral(type of cytokines) modulation of immune response
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interleukins (white blood cells) | development and differentiation of white blood cells
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Lymphokines (lymphocytes) | regulation of immune response
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The cellar blood defense mechanism includes: | white blood cells
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neutrophils and macrophages perform | phagocytosis
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Natural-killer cells | kill altered cells
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Lymphocytes that are part of the immune response______. | T and B cells
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The blood serum defense mechanisms for innate immunity | antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
Mannose-binding lectins
Complement proteins
Iron binding proteins (ferrins)
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The blood serum defense mechanism for adaptive immunity is _____. | antibodies.
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serum is the_________________. | liquid component of blood
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Mannose -binding lectin (a serum protein) | promotes phagocytosis
activates complement system
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Mannose _binding lectin recognizes and binds to | carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens(viruses, bacteria, fungi protozoa)
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The complement system consist of at least | 30 short lived serum protein
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What three pathways activate the complement system? | Adaptive immunity classical (antibodies)
Innate immunity (alternative) bacterial polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides
Mannose binding lectin (MBL) mannose on pathogen
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What are the functions of the complement system | opsonizatin (stimulates phagocytosis)
cytolysis (cell desturctin)
inflammation
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Opsonization stimulates phagocytosis and is activated by | complement protein (C3b) binding to the surface of the antigen
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Cytolysis is cell destruction and causes | damage of the plasma membrane (leakage and death)
formation of membrane attach complexes
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Inflammation triggers histamine release and _______________ | which increases blood vessel permeability and promotes migration of cells to the site of inflammation.
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The outcome of the activation of the complement system is | inflammation, phagocytosis and destruction of the pathogen
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c3b initiates a series of reactions involving | c5-cp called the membrane attach complex (a pore is formed) leakage of the cells contents
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Macrophages are | highly active phagocytic cells that can be found fixed or free
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free wandering macrophages | circulate in the blood that migrate to inflammation sites
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fixed macrophages are: | found lining endothelial cells of capillaries throughout the body
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phagocytosis the ingestion of particular matter is mostly done by | neutrophils and macrophages
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The preparation of a pathogen for ingestion by serum is done by | opsonization
antibodies, complement, mannose binding lectin MBL
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The early phagocytic cells are: | Neutrophils and are (60 to 70%)
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The late phagocytic cells are: | fixed macrophages and wandering macrophages 3-8%
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phagocytosis is activated by | cytokines
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion digestion antigen processing
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Chemotaxis is a chemical | attraction of phagocyte to microorganism
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Chemotaxis is released by | microbial products
damaged tissue(histamine)
white blood cell components (cytokines) chemokines
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Phagosome fuses with lysosome (digestive enzymes) | forming the phagolysosome
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Lysosome digestive enzymes of the phagolysosome are: | lysozyme
lipase
protease
nucleases
oxygen free radicals
hypochlorus acid
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The pathogen evasion of phagocytosis include: | adherence inhibition (capsule) many organisms
escape from phagosome
inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion
kill phagocyte (release of cytoplasmic lysosome contents)
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Inflammation is a localized protection response of the body to tissue and may include: | pain, heat redness, swelling loss of function
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T/F Excessive inflammation may respond in damage |
true
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The function of inflammation includes: | destroying invading agents
walling off invading agents
repair or replace damage tissue
stimulate immune response
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Natural killer cells are lymphocytes (not T or B cells) that | kill altered cells that under express MHH-1 molecules.
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Types of cells that natural killer cells kill are: | cancer cells, virus infected cells and bacteria infected cells (intracellular)
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Natural killer cells kill cells recognized by antibodies | has IgG antibody receptor
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IFNs a, B are antiviral proteins (cytokines) | produced by virus infected cells and interfere with viral multiplication
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IFN y | promotes phagocytosis
enhances adaptive immune response
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interferon (antivirals) | host cell specific
not virus specific
short lived
no effect on infected cells
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antiviral proteins destroy viral RNA | and inhibit protein synthesis
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