Immunity and Defense
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| Innate Immunity is __________. | non specific
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| Adaptive (acquired Immunity) __________ is. | specific
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| responds to the first and second line of defense | Innate Immunity
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| responds to the third line of defense | Adaptive immunity (specific)
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| Type of defense that is considered the outside environment | first line of defense
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| type of defense that occurs inside the host | second line of defense and (innate) non specific
third line of defense (adaptive) specific
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| Intact skin Mucous membranes and their secretions normal microbiota | innate immunity
first line of defense
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| natural killer cells and phagocytic white blood cells inflammation fever antimicrobial substances | second line of defense (innate immunity)
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| specialized lymphocytes cells and B cells antibodies | third line of defense
(adaptive acquired immunity)
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| Innate immunity is present_________> | at birth.
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| Adaptive acquired/specific) is partially__________. | present at birth
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| Innate immunity is non_________ and does not have any _______ cells. | non specific, memory
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| The time of response for Innate Immunity is | Immediately
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| The time of response for Adaptive Immunity is | days to weeks
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| T/F Innate immunity and adaptive immunity have extensive interaction. | True
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| Innate immunity has immunological "_____________" that are carried out by ___________. | check points, dendritic cells
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| The natural antimicrobials that are associated with innate immunity are: | lysozymes, antimicrobial peptides, antibodies
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| On the Mucosal and skin surfaces the physical barrier of innate immunity include: | mucus that traps microorganisms,
cilia low respiratory tract
mucous coated hair in nose
flow washing
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| Lysozyme's are enzymes that degrades peptidoglycan's such as: | sweat, saliva, tears, nasal secretions
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| Lysozymes are more likely to affect | gram positives they are more suitable than gram negatives
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| cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by | defense and epithelial cells.
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| cationic Antimicrobial peptides (Amp)s are 15-50 amino acids, positively charged and amphipathic that | selectively disrupt membranes without cholesterol
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| cationic Antimicrobial peptides | kill bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses
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| cell penetrating AMPs inhibits | DNA and protein synthesis
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| AMPs display chemotactic activity and | recruit defense cells
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| In the skin the Keratin layer (waterproofing) | constant sheds
hypertonic (very dry)
Hard to degrade/diges
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| In the skin sebaceous glands | antimicrobial fatty acids and a ph 3-5 very acidic
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| Perspiration in the skin involves___________. | lysozymes
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| The upper respiratory tract provide protection by _______. | epithelium, mucus, ciliary escalator, sloughing
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| The lower respiratory tract provides protection in _______. | the alveoli by macrophages
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| flow washing prevents colonization of : | tears, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions and feces
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| Gastric Juice has: | Ph of 1.2 to 3
hydrochloric acid
enzymes
mucus
flow
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| Toll-like recognize non-self molecules | that are broadly shared among pathogens )PAMPs
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| PAMPs stands for | pathogen associated molecular patterns.
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| toll like receptors are located on epithelial cells and after microbes breach | are the first line of defense
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| Molecules that toll like receptors recognize among pathogens are: | peptidoglycans, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) flagella in flagella
lipopolysaccharides acid and nucleic acids
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| cells that are activated by toll like receptor's (TLC) express | cytokines
antimicrobial peptides
chemicals that promote inflammation
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| multifunctional cellular chemical messengers | cytokines
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| cytokines are made from________. | proteins and glycoproteins
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| Cytokines are critical to the functioning of both _______ and ______ immune responses. | innate, adaptive
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| Cytokines induce complex and diverse cellar responses that up regulate or down regulate cell activity such as: | cell differentiation, cell proliferation, secretion of other cytokines
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| chemokines (many cell types) are the | attractants (type of cytokines)
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| Interferons (many cell types) | antiviral(type of cytokines) modulation of immune response
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| interleukins (white blood cells) | development and differentiation of white blood cells
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| Lymphokines (lymphocytes) | regulation of immune response
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| The cellar blood defense mechanism includes: | white blood cells
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| neutrophils and macrophages perform | phagocytosis
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| Natural-killer cells | kill altered cells
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| Lymphocytes that are part of the immune response______. | T and B cells
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| The blood serum defense mechanisms for innate immunity | antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
Mannose-binding lectins
Complement proteins
Iron binding proteins (ferrins)
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| The blood serum defense mechanism for adaptive immunity is _____. | antibodies.
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| serum is the_________________. | liquid component of blood
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| Mannose -binding lectin (a serum protein) | promotes phagocytosis
activates complement system
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| Mannose _binding lectin recognizes and binds to | carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens(viruses, bacteria, fungi protozoa)
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| The complement system consist of at least | 30 short lived serum protein
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| What three pathways activate the complement system? | Adaptive immunity classical (antibodies)
Innate immunity (alternative) bacterial polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides
Mannose binding lectin (MBL) mannose on pathogen
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| What are the functions of the complement system | opsonizatin (stimulates phagocytosis)
cytolysis (cell desturctin)
inflammation
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| Opsonization stimulates phagocytosis and is activated by | complement protein (C3b) binding to the surface of the antigen
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| Cytolysis is cell destruction and causes | damage of the plasma membrane (leakage and death)
formation of membrane attach complexes
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| Inflammation triggers histamine release and _______________ | which increases blood vessel permeability and promotes migration of cells to the site of inflammation.
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| The outcome of the activation of the complement system is | inflammation, phagocytosis and destruction of the pathogen
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| c3b initiates a series of reactions involving | c5-cp called the membrane attach complex (a pore is formed) leakage of the cells contents
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| Macrophages are | highly active phagocytic cells that can be found fixed or free
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| free wandering macrophages | circulate in the blood that migrate to inflammation sites
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| fixed macrophages are: | found lining endothelial cells of capillaries throughout the body
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| phagocytosis the ingestion of particular matter is mostly done by | neutrophils and macrophages
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| The preparation of a pathogen for ingestion by serum is done by | opsonization
antibodies, complement, mannose binding lectin MBL
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| The early phagocytic cells are: | Neutrophils and are (60 to 70%)
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| The late phagocytic cells are: | fixed macrophages and wandering macrophages 3-8%
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| phagocytosis is activated by | cytokines
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion digestion antigen processing
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| Chemotaxis is a chemical | attraction of phagocyte to microorganism
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| Chemotaxis is released by | microbial products
damaged tissue(histamine)
white blood cell components (cytokines) chemokines
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| Phagosome fuses with lysosome (digestive enzymes) | forming the phagolysosome
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| Lysosome digestive enzymes of the phagolysosome are: | lysozyme
lipase
protease
nucleases
oxygen free radicals
hypochlorus acid
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| The pathogen evasion of phagocytosis include: | adherence inhibition (capsule) many organisms
escape from phagosome
inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion
kill phagocyte (release of cytoplasmic lysosome contents)
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| Inflammation is a localized protection response of the body to tissue and may include: | pain, heat redness, swelling loss of function
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| T/F Excessive inflammation may respond in damage |
true
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| The function of inflammation includes: | destroying invading agents
walling off invading agents
repair or replace damage tissue
stimulate immune response
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| Natural killer cells are lymphocytes (not T or B cells) that | kill altered cells that under express MHH-1 molecules.
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| Types of cells that natural killer cells kill are: | cancer cells, virus infected cells and bacteria infected cells (intracellular)
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| Natural killer cells kill cells recognized by antibodies | has IgG antibody receptor
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| IFNs a, B are antiviral proteins (cytokines) | produced by virus infected cells and interfere with viral multiplication
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| IFN y | promotes phagocytosis
enhances adaptive immune response
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| interferon (antivirals) | host cell specific
not virus specific
short lived
no effect on infected cells
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| antiviral proteins destroy viral RNA | and inhibit protein synthesis
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