Gene Expression: from Gene to Protein
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Transcription- | the synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA
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| Messenger RNA- | carries a message from the DNA to protein-synthesizing machinery in the cell
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| Translation- | synthesis of polypeptides using the information from mRNA
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| Ribosomes- | the sites of translation, molecular complexes that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains
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| Primary transcript- | the initial RNA transcript from any gene
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| Codon- | the mRNA nucleotide triplets
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| Triplet code- | the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA as a series of non-overlapping three-nucleotide words
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| Template strand- | provides the pattern for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
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| RNA polymerase- | pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complimentary to the template strand
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| Transcription step one- | initiation
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| Transcription step two- | elongation
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| Transcription step three- | termination
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| Initiation- | after RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, the DNA strands unwind, and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand
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| Elongation- | The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript 5’ to 3’. DNA reform in double helix
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| Termination- | eventually, the RNA transcript is released, and the polymerase detaches from the DNA
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| Promoter- | the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription
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| Terminator- | the sequence that signals the end of transcription
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| Transcription unit- | the stretch of DNA downstream from the promoter that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
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| A eukaryotic promoter- | no answer
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| Transcription factors- | mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription
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| TATA box- | crucial promoter DNA sequence
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| Transcription initiation complex- | The whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bind to it
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| Start point- | the nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins
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| RNA splicing- | the removal of large portions of the RNA molecule that is initially synthesized
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| Introns- | the noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions
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| Exons- | the coding segments of nucleic acid
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| Spliceosome- | the removal of introns is accomplished by a large complex made of protein and RNA
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| Alternative RNA splicing- | many genes give rise to two or more polypeptides depending on which segments are exons during RNA processing
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| Transfer RNA- | transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to a growing polypeptide
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| Anticodon- | specific nucleotide triplet that base pairs to a specific mRNA codon
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| Ribosomal RNA- | what makes up the small and large subunit of a ribosome
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| P site- | holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
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| A site- | holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
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| E site- | discharged tRNA’s leave from here
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| Codon recognition- | anticodon of an incoming aminoacyl tRNA base-pairs with the complimentary mRNA codon in the A site
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| Peptide bond formation- | rRNA molecule in the large subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond
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| Translocation- | ribosome translocates the tRNA in the A site to the B site
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| Elongation (translation)- | tRNA that compliments codon move into the A site bringing with it the proper amino acids, translocation, peptide bond forms between amino acids
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| Termination of translation- | release factor binds to stop codon, all components of translation assembly are released, ribosomal subunits fall away, RNA gets translated, all parts get reused
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| Polyribosome- | multiple work on the same mRNA at the same time, folding and modification of polypeptide chains
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| Point mutations- | effect a few small changes in a few nucleotides, change phenotype substitution point mutation
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