Genetics
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| Traits | physical characteristics like eye or hair color
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| Heredity | The passing of traits from parents to offspring
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| Genetics | Scientific study of Heredity
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| homozygous | organism that has the same 2 alleles for a trait; always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parents (purebred)
(GG or gg)
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| Gene | factors that control traits (a portion of DNA)
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| Allele | Different forms of a gene (ex. one for short and for tall)
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| Dominate allele | one who's trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present ( represent with upper case letter)
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| Recessive allele | One whose trait is masked or covered up when the dominate allele is present(lower case)
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| heterozygous | An organism that has 2 different alleles for trait ; hybrid(Gg)
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| probability |
Chance that trait will show
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| Punnett Square | Chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
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| Phenotype | physical appearance or visible trait that you can see in the person
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| Genotype | organism's genetic makeup or allele combination, this you can't see( Gg)
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| Gregor Mendel | Father of genetics
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| DNA | -deoxyribonucleic acid- -a chemical molecule that carries all of the cell’s instructions. Code for life.
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| Double helix | Shape of DNA -looks like a twisted ladder
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| incomplete dominance | Neither trait is completely dominant, blending of traits.
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| co dominance | both traits are seen in offspring ,example white flower x red flower produces a red and white spotted flower.
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| co dominance | Both of the traits are dominant
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| incomplete dominance | Blending of traits; red flower crossed with white flower produces pink flowers.
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| Phenotype | physical appearance or visible trait that you can see expressed in the offspring(tall or short)
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| Genotype | organism's genetic makeup or allele combination, this you can't see( TT ot Tt or tt)
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| Selective breeding | a process humans use to breed or reinforce desired traits into a particular organism.
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| Breeding 2 poodles to get another poodle | selective breeding
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| breeding to a corn plant with large kernels and one with sweet kernels to get a large, sweet kerneled plant | selective breeding
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| genetic engineering | the manipulation(changing) of an organism’s genes.
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| genome | the comlpete set of genes(DNA) in an organism
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| genetically modified organisms (GMO) | using technology to add, or modify genes directly in the genome of living things.
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| GMO | example---Adding a gene for disease resistance from one plant in to the DNA of a plant that is not resistant to get a disease resistant form.
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| GMO | example-- adding the gene for human milk into the DNA of a cow
so that the cow makes human milk.
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| Genetic engineering | example.. inserting the gene that makes human insulin into a bacteria cell so that the bacteria make human insulin for diabetics
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| Biomedical research | techniques to advance medical science and improve human lives.
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| biomedical research | example-study the human genome to try to find cures for genetic deseases.
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| Mutation | any change in the genes(DNA) of an organism.
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| body cell mutations | can cause cancer and contributes to aging
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| sex cell mutations | can result in genetic disorders
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| body cell mutations | only affect the oragnism with the mutation
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| sex cell mutations | affect the offspring of the organism with the mutation
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| sex chromosomes | the 23rd pair of chromosomes
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| sex chromosomes | XX is female
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| sex chromosomes | XY is male
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| polygenic traits | Traits controlled by 2 or more genes
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| multiple alleles | There are 3 or more alleles (forms) of the trait or gene.
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