Biology Final Exam
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| subspecies | The rare Alabama Beach Mouse is distinct at which rank?
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| Tennessee | In what state was the snail darter discovered as the Endangered Species Act was being established?
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| yes | Is the snail darter still alive?
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| US Fish and Wildlife Service | What U.S. agency maintains the endangered species list?
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| rhizobium; legume family | What genus of bacteria is a mutualist and nitrogen fixer w/in root nodules of plants in the ____________ family?
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| branch | In simple terms, the meaning of the word “clade” is ????
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| shared ancestry | The nodes shown on a cladogram represent what?
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| flatworm | What is an example of an animal with a solid body?
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| coelem | The proper term for the body cavity such as found in humans, is the ________________.
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| Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population growth of people, Overharvesting | What does E.O. Wilson’s “HIPPO” represent?
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| silent spring | R. Carson is famous for what book she wrote?
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| change to three domains above kingdoms: archaebacteria, eubacteria, eukaryotes | How have ribosomes (knowledge of) transformed our system of classification as compared to the Linnaean Hierarchy?
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| Carl Woese | Who studied ribosomes and established the three Domains?
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| animals | Of the 1.5 – 2 million species named, most are _________________.
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| Genus (Canis) | Ex. Canis lupus
Within a species name is the name of what taxon immediately above the rank of species?
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| microbes, insects, spiders, birds, squirrels, - diverse forms of life | Who lives on tree trunks?
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| biodiversity includes ecosystem diversity and genetic diversity within a species | Why is it wrong to restrict the meaning of biodiversity to simply the diversity of species?
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| Ernst Mayr | The “Darwin” of the 20th Century was_______________
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| alopatric | Which mode requires geographic isolation (separation)?
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| land bridge | Beringia was an important __________ between North America and Asia.
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| mule | An example of a post-zygotic barrier?
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| animals that have different habitats/different breeding times such as lions and tigers | An example of a pre-zygotic barrier?
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| endosymbiosis, heteroptrophic | The origin of eukaryotic cell mitochondria billions of years ago was from __________________ with __________________ bacteria.
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| no, naturalization is a term that applies to exotic species that are brought over and introduced to America | Can a plant endemic to Alabama cedar
glades, be naturalized in Alabama cedar glades?
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| African lion | Are there any exotic species that are not naturalized?
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| forest of the Red Hills | What is the habitat of Alabama’s red hills salamander?
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| nitrogenase | The enzyme that performs nitrogen fixation?
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| oxygen | Nitrogenase is inhibited by what gas?
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| rock | Phosphorus comes out of ______
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| air | Nitrogen comes out of _________
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| dead bodies | both nitrogen and phosphorus come out of _________
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| inorganic phosphate | Caffeine, Cocaine, LSD, Morphine, Nicotine
are all ______________ (type of chemical where nitrogen is key)
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| The form on nitrogen assimilated by plants and animals differs markedly; however in both plants and animals phosphorus is assimilated (absorbed) as ___________.
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| mutualistic, fungi | Mycorrhizae are __________ associations between plant roots and _____________.
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| feeding | Trophic levels can refer to ________ levels as in a food chain.
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| taxonomy | study of biodiversity
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| groups | taxa/taxon means _________
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| phylogenetics | study of evolutionary relationships
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| systematics | phylogenetic classification
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| Carolus Linnaeus | 1750 hierarchy still in use Categories/Ranks: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species [=Genus + specific name]
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| Kingdom | group of related phyla
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| Phylum | group of related classes
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| Species | group of populations capable of interbreeding [the only taxon that actually exists in nature]
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| 9 | how many major phyla in the taxon Animalia?
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| sponges | w/out tissues; often asymmetrical bodies; a “colony” of cells; All other Animal Phyla are Eumetazoans - animals w/tissues, i.e. groups of specific cell types performing specific functions
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| cnidarians | hydra, jellyfish, coral; Radial symmetry; Mouth, no anus
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| flatworms | planaria, tapeworms; Mouth, no anus
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| nematodes, roundworms | mouth & anus
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| coelom | Animals w/body cavity
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| Arthropods | Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans, all w/jointed legs
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| Annelids | leaches, earthworms, all w/repeating segments & bristles
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| Mollusks | snails, clams, squid w/ mantle & foot
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| Echinoderms | starfish, sea urchins w/spiny skin
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| Chordates | most w/ backbones, all w/pharyngeal slits, & tail
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| Tardigrades | water bears
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| Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria | Carl Woese erected which 3 Domains based on differences in ribosomes?
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| Cladistics | method to determine evolutionary relationships
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| Cladogram | a branching diagram
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| clade | a branch, or a group of branches
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| branch origins (nodes) | points of shared ancestry
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| species | “a kind” of organism
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| morphological species concept | By form (appearance); Used for asexual species [ex. many plants, some animals (ex. rotifers)]
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| biological species concept | By ability to interbreed & produce fertile offspring in nature
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| Ernst Mayr | Incorporated Mendelian Genetics with Darwinian evolution
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| allopatric speciation | w/ geographic isolation; Separated populations diverge genetically as natural selection acts independently on each
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| sympatric speciation | Occurs without geographic isolation. Common in plants Involves hybridization & polyploidy (inheriting multiple sets of chromosomes).
Polyploid formation overcomes hybrid sterility
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| The 2 sets of chromosomes aren’t homologous & meiosis fails | why are hybrids sterile?
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| Hybrid polyploids | can overcome sterility –Ex. Fern hybrids
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| subspecies | populations geographically isolated & genetically distinct from primary species
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| endangered species act | Provides Legal protection for species & subspecies
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| Future of Life | E. O. Wilson's book about biodiversity
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| Diversity of genes within a species; Diversity of species; Variety of ecosystems | components of biodiversity
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| ecosystem | a level of biodiversity where a community of organisms interacts with the environment
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| producers | Photosynthetic organisms
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| consumers | Heterotrophic organisms
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| Exotic | from a foreign place, i.e. alien
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| Native | not introduced by man
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| Endemic | found nowhere else
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| Naturalized | Exotics that self propagate in nature; +4,500 species in U.S.
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| Invasive | Naturalized pests
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| symbiosis | one species lives in or on another
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| parasitism, mutualism, commensalism | 3 forms of symbiosis
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| parasitism | Ticks on a bird
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| mutualism | living together w/ mutual benefit; clownfish w/ anemone
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| commensalism | one species benefits, the other neither benefitted nor harmed; a fern perched on a tree
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| rhizobium | performs nitrogen fixation (energy demanding)
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| rhyzobium | Legumes (beans) feed _____________ exchange for NH4+
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| Mycorrhizae | Fungi and Roots combine into a dual organism
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| mycology | study of fungi
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| fungi | "myco”
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| roots | rhizae
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| hyphae | Fungi consist of these filaments
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| decomposition | Where does fungus get phosphate?
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| 90% | % of plants form mycorrhizae
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| 1°production | amount of light energy converted to chemical bond energy by plants
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| energy flow | mapped by Food Chains and Food Webs that show “feeding relationships”
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| 10% | % of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level
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| life history | Series of events from birth through reproduction to death
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| Opportunistic life history | r-selected species
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| Equilibriallife history | K-selected species
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