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Biology Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| subspecies | The rare Alabama Beach Mouse is distinct at which rank? |
| Tennessee | In what state was the snail darter discovered as the Endangered Species Act was being established? |
| yes | Is the snail darter still alive? |
| US Fish and Wildlife Service | What U.S. agency maintains the endangered species list? |
| rhizobium; legume family | What genus of bacteria is a mutualist and nitrogen fixer w/in root nodules of plants in the ____________ family? |
| branch | In simple terms, the meaning of the word “clade” is ???? |
| shared ancestry | The nodes shown on a cladogram represent what? |
| flatworm | What is an example of an animal with a solid body? |
| coelem | The proper term for the body cavity such as found in humans, is the ________________. |
| Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population growth of people, Overharvesting | What does E.O. Wilson’s “HIPPO” represent? |
| silent spring | R. Carson is famous for what book she wrote? |
| change to three domains above kingdoms: archaebacteria, eubacteria, eukaryotes | How have ribosomes (knowledge of) transformed our system of classification as compared to the Linnaean Hierarchy? |
| Carl Woese | Who studied ribosomes and established the three Domains? |
| animals | Of the 1.5 – 2 million species named, most are _________________. |
| Genus (Canis) | Ex. Canis lupus Within a species name is the name of what taxon immediately above the rank of species? |
| microbes, insects, spiders, birds, squirrels, - diverse forms of life | Who lives on tree trunks? |
| biodiversity includes ecosystem diversity and genetic diversity within a species | Why is it wrong to restrict the meaning of biodiversity to simply the diversity of species? |
| Ernst Mayr | The “Darwin” of the 20th Century was_______________ |
| alopatric | Which mode requires geographic isolation (separation)? |
| land bridge | Beringia was an important __________ between North America and Asia. |
| mule | An example of a post-zygotic barrier? |
| animals that have different habitats/different breeding times such as lions and tigers | An example of a pre-zygotic barrier? |
| endosymbiosis, heteroptrophic | The origin of eukaryotic cell mitochondria billions of years ago was from __________________ with __________________ bacteria. |
| no, naturalization is a term that applies to exotic species that are brought over and introduced to America | Can a plant endemic to Alabama cedar glades, be naturalized in Alabama cedar glades? |
| African lion | Are there any exotic species that are not naturalized? |
| forest of the Red Hills | What is the habitat of Alabama’s red hills salamander? |
| nitrogenase | The enzyme that performs nitrogen fixation? |
| oxygen | Nitrogenase is inhibited by what gas? |
| rock | Phosphorus comes out of ______ |
| air | Nitrogen comes out of _________ |
| dead bodies | both nitrogen and phosphorus come out of _________ |
| inorganic phosphate | Caffeine, Cocaine, LSD, Morphine, Nicotine are all ______________ (type of chemical where nitrogen is key) |
| The form on nitrogen assimilated by plants and animals differs markedly; however in both plants and animals phosphorus is assimilated (absorbed) as ___________. | |
| mutualistic, fungi | Mycorrhizae are __________ associations between plant roots and _____________. |
| feeding | Trophic levels can refer to ________ levels as in a food chain. |
| taxonomy | study of biodiversity |
| groups | taxa/taxon means _________ |
| phylogenetics | study of evolutionary relationships |
| systematics | phylogenetic classification |
| Carolus Linnaeus | 1750 hierarchy still in use Categories/Ranks: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species [=Genus + specific name] |
| Kingdom | group of related phyla |
| Phylum | group of related classes |
| Species | group of populations capable of interbreeding [the only taxon that actually exists in nature] |
| 9 | how many major phyla in the taxon Animalia? |
| sponges | w/out tissues; often asymmetrical bodies; a “colony” of cells; All other Animal Phyla are Eumetazoans - animals w/tissues, i.e. groups of specific cell types performing specific functions |
| cnidarians | hydra, jellyfish, coral; Radial symmetry; Mouth, no anus |
| flatworms | planaria, tapeworms; Mouth, no anus |
| nematodes, roundworms | mouth & anus |
| coelom | Animals w/body cavity |
| Arthropods | Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans, all w/jointed legs |
| Annelids | leaches, earthworms, all w/repeating segments & bristles |
| Mollusks | snails, clams, squid w/ mantle & foot |
| Echinoderms | starfish, sea urchins w/spiny skin |
| Chordates | most w/ backbones, all w/pharyngeal slits, & tail |
| Tardigrades | water bears |
| Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria | Carl Woese erected which 3 Domains based on differences in ribosomes? |
| Cladistics | method to determine evolutionary relationships |
| Cladogram | a branching diagram |
| clade | a branch, or a group of branches |
| branch origins (nodes) | points of shared ancestry |
| species | “a kind” of organism |
| morphological species concept | By form (appearance); Used for asexual species [ex. many plants, some animals (ex. rotifers)] |
| biological species concept | By ability to interbreed & produce fertile offspring in nature |
| Ernst Mayr | Incorporated Mendelian Genetics with Darwinian evolution |
| allopatric speciation | w/ geographic isolation; Separated populations diverge genetically as natural selection acts independently on each |
| sympatric speciation | Occurs without geographic isolation. Common in plants Involves hybridization & polyploidy (inheriting multiple sets of chromosomes). Polyploid formation overcomes hybrid sterility |
| The 2 sets of chromosomes aren’t homologous & meiosis fails | why are hybrids sterile? |
| Hybrid polyploids | can overcome sterility –Ex. Fern hybrids |
| subspecies | populations geographically isolated & genetically distinct from primary species |
| endangered species act | Provides Legal protection for species & subspecies |
| Future of Life | E. O. Wilson's book about biodiversity |
| Diversity of genes within a species; Diversity of species; Variety of ecosystems | components of biodiversity |
| ecosystem | a level of biodiversity where a community of organisms interacts with the environment |
| producers | Photosynthetic organisms |
| consumers | Heterotrophic organisms |
| Exotic | from a foreign place, i.e. alien |
| Native | not introduced by man |
| Endemic | found nowhere else |
| Naturalized | Exotics that self propagate in nature; +4,500 species in U.S. |
| Invasive | Naturalized pests |
| symbiosis | one species lives in or on another |
| parasitism, mutualism, commensalism | 3 forms of symbiosis |
| parasitism | Ticks on a bird |
| mutualism | living together w/ mutual benefit; clownfish w/ anemone |
| commensalism | one species benefits, the other neither benefitted nor harmed; a fern perched on a tree |
| rhizobium | performs nitrogen fixation (energy demanding) |
| rhyzobium | Legumes (beans) feed _____________ exchange for NH4+ |
| Mycorrhizae | Fungi and Roots combine into a dual organism |
| mycology | study of fungi |
| fungi | "myco” |
| roots | rhizae |
| hyphae | Fungi consist of these filaments |
| decomposition | Where does fungus get phosphate? |
| 90% | % of plants form mycorrhizae |
| 1°production | amount of light energy converted to chemical bond energy by plants |
| energy flow | mapped by Food Chains and Food Webs that show “feeding relationships” |
| 10% | % of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level |
| life history | Series of events from birth through reproduction to death |
| Opportunistic life history | r-selected species |
| Equilibriallife history | K-selected species |
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