click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Final Exam
Term | Definition |
---|---|
subspecies | The rare Alabama Beach Mouse is distinct at which rank? |
Tennessee | In what state was the snail darter discovered as the Endangered Species Act was being established? |
yes | Is the snail darter still alive? |
US Fish and Wildlife Service | What U.S. agency maintains the endangered species list? |
rhizobium; legume family | What genus of bacteria is a mutualist and nitrogen fixer w/in root nodules of plants in the ____________ family? |
branch | In simple terms, the meaning of the word “clade” is ???? |
shared ancestry | The nodes shown on a cladogram represent what? |
flatworm | What is an example of an animal with a solid body? |
coelem | The proper term for the body cavity such as found in humans, is the ________________. |
Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population growth of people, Overharvesting | What does E.O. Wilson’s “HIPPO” represent? |
silent spring | R. Carson is famous for what book she wrote? |
change to three domains above kingdoms: archaebacteria, eubacteria, eukaryotes | How have ribosomes (knowledge of) transformed our system of classification as compared to the Linnaean Hierarchy? |
Carl Woese | Who studied ribosomes and established the three Domains? |
animals | Of the 1.5 – 2 million species named, most are _________________. |
Genus (Canis) | Ex. Canis lupus Within a species name is the name of what taxon immediately above the rank of species? |
microbes, insects, spiders, birds, squirrels, - diverse forms of life | Who lives on tree trunks? |
biodiversity includes ecosystem diversity and genetic diversity within a species | Why is it wrong to restrict the meaning of biodiversity to simply the diversity of species? |
Ernst Mayr | The “Darwin” of the 20th Century was_______________ |
alopatric | Which mode requires geographic isolation (separation)? |
land bridge | Beringia was an important __________ between North America and Asia. |
mule | An example of a post-zygotic barrier? |
animals that have different habitats/different breeding times such as lions and tigers | An example of a pre-zygotic barrier? |
endosymbiosis, heteroptrophic | The origin of eukaryotic cell mitochondria billions of years ago was from __________________ with __________________ bacteria. |
no, naturalization is a term that applies to exotic species that are brought over and introduced to America | Can a plant endemic to Alabama cedar glades, be naturalized in Alabama cedar glades? |
African lion | Are there any exotic species that are not naturalized? |
forest of the Red Hills | What is the habitat of Alabama’s red hills salamander? |
nitrogenase | The enzyme that performs nitrogen fixation? |
oxygen | Nitrogenase is inhibited by what gas? |
rock | Phosphorus comes out of ______ |
air | Nitrogen comes out of _________ |
dead bodies | both nitrogen and phosphorus come out of _________ |
inorganic phosphate | Caffeine, Cocaine, LSD, Morphine, Nicotine are all ______________ (type of chemical where nitrogen is key) |
The form on nitrogen assimilated by plants and animals differs markedly; however in both plants and animals phosphorus is assimilated (absorbed) as ___________. | |
mutualistic, fungi | Mycorrhizae are __________ associations between plant roots and _____________. |
feeding | Trophic levels can refer to ________ levels as in a food chain. |
taxonomy | study of biodiversity |
groups | taxa/taxon means _________ |
phylogenetics | study of evolutionary relationships |
systematics | phylogenetic classification |
Carolus Linnaeus | 1750 hierarchy still in use Categories/Ranks: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species [=Genus + specific name] |
Kingdom | group of related phyla |
Phylum | group of related classes |
Species | group of populations capable of interbreeding [the only taxon that actually exists in nature] |
9 | how many major phyla in the taxon Animalia? |
sponges | w/out tissues; often asymmetrical bodies; a “colony” of cells; All other Animal Phyla are Eumetazoans - animals w/tissues, i.e. groups of specific cell types performing specific functions |
cnidarians | hydra, jellyfish, coral; Radial symmetry; Mouth, no anus |
flatworms | planaria, tapeworms; Mouth, no anus |
nematodes, roundworms | mouth & anus |
coelom | Animals w/body cavity |
Arthropods | Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans, all w/jointed legs |
Annelids | leaches, earthworms, all w/repeating segments & bristles |
Mollusks | snails, clams, squid w/ mantle & foot |
Echinoderms | starfish, sea urchins w/spiny skin |
Chordates | most w/ backbones, all w/pharyngeal slits, & tail |
Tardigrades | water bears |
Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria | Carl Woese erected which 3 Domains based on differences in ribosomes? |
Cladistics | method to determine evolutionary relationships |
Cladogram | a branching diagram |
clade | a branch, or a group of branches |
branch origins (nodes) | points of shared ancestry |
species | “a kind” of organism |
morphological species concept | By form (appearance); Used for asexual species [ex. many plants, some animals (ex. rotifers)] |
biological species concept | By ability to interbreed & produce fertile offspring in nature |
Ernst Mayr | Incorporated Mendelian Genetics with Darwinian evolution |
allopatric speciation | w/ geographic isolation; Separated populations diverge genetically as natural selection acts independently on each |
sympatric speciation | Occurs without geographic isolation. Common in plants Involves hybridization & polyploidy (inheriting multiple sets of chromosomes). Polyploid formation overcomes hybrid sterility |
The 2 sets of chromosomes aren’t homologous & meiosis fails | why are hybrids sterile? |
Hybrid polyploids | can overcome sterility –Ex. Fern hybrids |
subspecies | populations geographically isolated & genetically distinct from primary species |
endangered species act | Provides Legal protection for species & subspecies |
Future of Life | E. O. Wilson's book about biodiversity |
Diversity of genes within a species; Diversity of species; Variety of ecosystems | components of biodiversity |
ecosystem | a level of biodiversity where a community of organisms interacts with the environment |
producers | Photosynthetic organisms |
consumers | Heterotrophic organisms |
Exotic | from a foreign place, i.e. alien |
Native | not introduced by man |
Endemic | found nowhere else |
Naturalized | Exotics that self propagate in nature; +4,500 species in U.S. |
Invasive | Naturalized pests |
symbiosis | one species lives in or on another |
parasitism, mutualism, commensalism | 3 forms of symbiosis |
parasitism | Ticks on a bird |
mutualism | living together w/ mutual benefit; clownfish w/ anemone |
commensalism | one species benefits, the other neither benefitted nor harmed; a fern perched on a tree |
rhizobium | performs nitrogen fixation (energy demanding) |
rhyzobium | Legumes (beans) feed _____________ exchange for NH4+ |
Mycorrhizae | Fungi and Roots combine into a dual organism |
mycology | study of fungi |
fungi | "myco” |
roots | rhizae |
hyphae | Fungi consist of these filaments |
decomposition | Where does fungus get phosphate? |
90% | % of plants form mycorrhizae |
1°production | amount of light energy converted to chemical bond energy by plants |
energy flow | mapped by Food Chains and Food Webs that show “feeding relationships” |
10% | % of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level |
life history | Series of events from birth through reproduction to death |
Opportunistic life history | r-selected species |
Equilibriallife history | K-selected species |