Bio of Bacteria Exam
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| What are the 4 types of mutation ranges? | 1. Silent. 2. Slight. 3. Severe. 4. Lethal (high mortality)
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| How do you detect a nutritional mutant? | Create a plate culture and replicate it on to 2 plates, 1 with all req. and 1 without. If bacteria grow outside of expected colonies on plate w/o req. then they are mutants
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| How do you detect resistant mutants? | Add antibiotic or bacteriophage and look for zones of inhibition. If bacteria are present then they are resistant
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| How do you detect a mutant bacteria based on colony morphology? | It will be pigmented and rough instead of clear and smooth
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| What are the 3 basic types of mutations? | 1. Base-pair substitutions. 2. Frameshift. 3. Back Mutations (reversions)
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| WHat are the 3 types of base-pair mutations? | 1. Missense-faulty protein. 2. Nonsense-stop codon inserted in wrong place. 3. Silent-normal protein
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| What are the 2 types of Frameshift mutations? | 1. Insertion. 2. Deletion
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| What is a back mutation and its' 2 types? | It is a phenotype that was lost after a wildtype mutation and is then restored. 1. Same-site. 2. Second site- A new mutation compensates for original mutation
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| What are 3 ways that you can induce mutations? | 1. Chemically. 2.Radiation. 3. Biological
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| What is the Ames test? | Method for testing if a compound causes mutations. It is a mutagen test not a carcinogen test
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| What are 3 types of vertical inheritance and evolutionary mechanisms? | 1. Accumulation of neutral mutations with time. 2. Gene loss. 3. Horizontal gene transfer
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| Is GC contant a reliable way to classify bacteria? | No
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| How effective is DNA hybridization in classifying bacteria and how is it done? | Heat up DNA an separate strands, combine and cool to find hybridization levels. It is effective for close relatives only
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| What is the definition of a BBOM species? | >70% hybridization
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| What are 4 housekeeping genes? | DNA Poly, RNA poly, ATPase, Ribosomal components
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| What is the most effective way to classify bacteria? | 16S RNA gene
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| Why is 16S RNA the best phylogenetic marker? | It is present in all cells, Carries out the same function is all cells, and is alignable
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| How do you read a phylogenetic tree? | The branch lengths are representative of the evolutionary distance between 2 organisms
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| On a phylogenetic tree, what do you call the point where most branches radiate from? | The Main Radiation
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| What is homologous recombination? | Genetic exchange between to DNA sequences. Rec A is important
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| What are the 4 types of genetic exchange? | 1.Homologous recombination. 2. Transformation. 3. Transduction. 4. Conjugation
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| What is Transformation? | Donor DNA is free in the environment and is taken up by a bacterium. Rec A recombinates new DNA into old
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| What is Transduction? | Donor DNA is transformed by a virus
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| What are the 2 types of transduction? When do they occur? | 1. Generalized: DNA from any part of a chromosome is transferred (low freq), occurs in lytic cycle. 2. Specialized: A specific part of chromosome is transferred (high freq)Occurs in lysogenic cycle
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| What is Conjugation? | Cell to Cell contact, a conjugative plasmid is transferred from a donor
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| What are the 4 types of plasmids that are transferred by conjugation? | 1. Fertility Factor. 2. Resistance Factor. 3. Virulence Plasmids. 4. Metabolic
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| What are 3 types of Conjugation? | 1. F+ &F-, recipient becomes F+. 2. High Freq Recombination(recipient doesn't change into donor). 3. F* conjugation (Donor breaks off during conjugation, makes recipient Fprime)
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| What species of Cytophaga manifest as an infection in catfish? | Cytophaga columnaris
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| What do Cytophaga use to move? | Gliding with a polysaccharide slime
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| Are Cytophaga hutchinsonii able to digest crystalline cellulose? | Yes
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| What species of Cytophaga cant grow above 30 degrees? | Cytophaga psychropila
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| What causes the orange-yellow pigment in Cytophaga? | Flexirubin pigment
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| Nitrospira can live in both marine and non-marine environments, true or false? | True
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| Nitrospira is a what? | Chemolithoautotroph
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| Marine life would die due to toxic amounts of what if Nitrospira weren't there? | Ammonia
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| What are mutations? | They are heritable changes in sequence of nucleic acid
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| What gives spirochetes their cork-screw movement? | Internalized periplasmic flagella
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| Diseases from Treponema pallidum and Borrelia? | Syphilis & Lyme
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| Spirochetes sweep food into mouths of? | Mussels
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| Thermatoga have outermembrane sheath, T/F? | True
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| Thermotoga % archaea? | 25%
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| Deep lineage & Hyperthermophilic abilities? | 1 of first bacterial organisms
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| How does Chylamidia muridarum replicate? | Inclusions
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| Life cycles of Chlamydia Trachomatis | Reticulate and Elementary
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| High genomic diversity in Chlamydia? | Plasticity Zone
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| Cyanobacteria are primary colonizers, T/F? | True
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| Deadly blue-green algae reaction? | Blooms
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| Cyanobacteria perform oxygenic photosynthesis and what? | Respiration
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| Gram Positive grow on what agar? | Phenyethyl alcohol agar
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| Aureus grows on what? | Mannitol-Salt
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| What temp does Deinococcus Geothermalis grow? | 47
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| Deinococcus Ficus originally isolated from? | Rhizosphere of a Ficus plant
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| Where is Deinococcus radiodurans found? | Antarticas dry valley and elephant feces
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