Science
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| Organic compounds. | Very complex compounds that contain both the elements carbon and hydrogen.
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| Types of organic compounds. | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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| How many covalent bonds can carbon have with other atoms? | Four.
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| Inorganic compounds. | Simple compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen.
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| Examples of inorganic compounds. | Water, mineral salts, acids, bases.
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| *Note: H=Hydrogen, C=Carbon, C followed by a letter does not mean carbon!* | :D
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| What elements are carbohydrates made up of? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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| What is the building block of carbohydrates? | Glucose (Chemical formula- C6H12O6).
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| How are carbohydrates shaped? | Like a ring.
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| In carbohydrates, ____________ and ___________ have a ratio of (_____:_____). | Hydrogen, oxygen, 2:1.
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| Examples of carbohydrates and their type. | M- Glucose, fructose, galatose.
D- Sucrose, maltose, lactose.
P- Starch, cellulose, glycogen.
(The corresponding ones become each other when synthesized.)
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| Types of carbohydrates. | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
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| Dehydration synthesis. | Starts small and simple and becomes large and complex, chemical processes by which two molecules are joined to form a larger molecule, water gets removed.
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| Hydrolysis. | Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water.
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| Uses of Carbohydrates. | ENERGY, make cell structures, can be converted to fats and proteins, stored in the form of starches.
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| What elements are lipids composed of? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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| Examples of lipids. | Fats, oils, and waxes.
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| Building blocks of lipids. | Fatty acid and glycerol.
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| Ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen of a lipid. | Greater than 2:1.
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| Dehydration synthesis of a lipid formula. | 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol -------------> 1 lipid +3 water.
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| Hydrolysis of a lipid formula. | 1 lipid + 3 water -----------------> 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol.
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| Uses of lipids. | Store energy, structural compounds of cell membranes, insulation for warmth.
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| What elements are proteins composed of? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus.
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| Building blocks of proteins. | Amino acid.
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| Parts of the amino acid structure. | Amino group (left), Variable (bottom R), carboxyl group (right).
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| Dehydration synthesis of a protein formula. | Amino acid + amino acid -----------------> dipeptide + water.
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| What joins the nitrogen and carbon together? | A peptide bond.
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| Hydrolysis of a protein formula. | Dipeptide + water --------------------> amino acid + amino acid.
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| Uses of proteins. | Makes cell structure, growth, repair cells, sends signals to cells (receptor proteins), pigments in skin and eyes.
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| Examples of proteins. | Enzymes (catalyze chemical reactions), antibodies (defense against invaders), hormones (chemical messengers).
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| Formula for dehydration synthesis of carbohydrates. | C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -----------------> C12H22011 + H20.
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| Formula for hydrolysis of carbohydrates. | C12H22O11 + H20 -----------------> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6.
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| What elements do nucleic acids contain? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus.
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| Examples of nucleic acids. | DNA and RNA.
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| Building block of nucleic acids. | Long chain of repeating units known as nucleotide.
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| Each nucleotide consists of a 5 carbon _________ bonded to a _________ group and a _________ __________. | Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base.
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| Nitrogenous base. | Organic base that contains nitrogen.
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| What are the nitrogenous base pairing rules for DNA? | Adenine to thymine, cytosine to guanine.
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| Shape of DNA? | Double helix (twisted ladder) and double stranded.
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| Function of DNA. | Directs and controls the development and activities of all cells in an organism.
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| Where is DNA found and created? | The nucleus.
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| What attaches nitrogenous bases to one another? | Weak hydrogen bonds.
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| RNA shape. | Single stranded.
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| What sugar does RNA contain? | Ribose.
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| Base pairs of RNA. | Adenine to uracil, guanine to cytosine.
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| Function of RNA. | Assists in protein synthesis.
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| Three types of RNA. | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
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| DNA's sugar. | Deoxyribose.
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