bio 11 genetics vocab
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| mitosis | cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number chromosomes as the parent nucleus
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| chromosome | nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
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| chromatin | he material that chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.
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| somatic cells | any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
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| cytokinesis | the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis
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| apoptosis | the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
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| sister chromotids | two identical copies of chromotids formed by the replication of a single chromosome,
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| centromere | the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division.
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| spindle fibre | spindle fibers form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell
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| cell plate | a plate develops at the middle of the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that helps in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells
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| Cleavage furrow | A groove that is formed from the cell membrane in a dividing cell as the contractile ring gets tighter.
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| Meiosis | cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, used in production of gametes and plant spores.
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| Diploid | having two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
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| Haploid | having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
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| crossing-over | the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a variation of parental characteristics in offspring.
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| Independent assortment | formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis
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| Homologous Pair | Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs, one comes from each parent cell
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| Synapsis | the fusion of chromosome pairs at the beginning of meiosis.
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| Gametes | haploid male or female cell that unites with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
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| Nondisjunction | the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during nuclear division,
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| Alleles | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that happen by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
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| locus | the position of a gene on a chromosome.
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| Law of segregation | that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.
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| Law of Independent assortment | states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes.
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| Dominant allele | an allele that shows its phenotypic effect even when heterozygous with a recessive allele; thus if A is dominant over a, then AA and Aa have the same phenotype.
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| Recessive Allele | an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical.
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| Genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
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| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
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| Homozygous | Allele is the same aa BB you've got a pair of matching alleles, which are the two genes that control a particular trai
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| heterozygous | to a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive (Bb)
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| Trait | trait or character is a feature of an organism
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| Monohybrid cross | genetic cross between parents that differ in the alleles they possess for one particular gene, one parent having two dominant alleles and the other two recessives.
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| One-trait testcross | A cross between an individual exhibiting the dominant phenotype of a trait and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that trait in order to determine the genotype of the dominant individual.
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| Dihybrid Cross | describes a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits.
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| Codominant | A form of dominance in which the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed thereby resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive.
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