Reproductive Study Guide (Female)
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| What are the gonads for both genders? | Female: ovaries
Male: testes
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| What general types of cells do gonads produce? | Gametes
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| What specific cell do each gonad produce? | Female: ova
Male: sperm
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| What is the difference between haploid cells and diploid cels? | Mitosis produces two diploid cells from one. Meiosis produces four haploid cells from one
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| How many chromosomes do diploid and haploid cells have? | 23
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| What are the only two haploid cells in human physiology? | oocytes and sperm
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| Are gametes produced by mitosis or meiosis? | Meiosis
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| What is produced by one parent cell by mitosis? | Two diploid daughter cells
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| What is produced by one parent cell by meiosis? | Four haploid daughter cells
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| How many rounds of cell division are in mitosis? | One
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| How many rounds of cell division are in meiosis? | Two
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| Are the two daughter cells in mitosis genetically identical? | Yes
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| Are the four daughter cells from meiosis genetically identical? | No
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| What significant event occurs in meiosis I? | "Crossing over," exchange of genes between maternal and paternal chromosomes
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| What does crossing over guarantee about the genes of the daughter cells | Increased genetic variability
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| What are the primary reproductive organs of the female? | Ovaries
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| What are the secondary reproductive organs of the female? | Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genetalia, mammary glands
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| Which cavity are the ovaries found in? | Pelvic cavity
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| What is the section of the peritoneum that covers the uterus called? | Broad ligament
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| Which part of the broad ligament attaches to the ovaries? | Mesovarium
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| Which artery supplies the ovaries? | Ovarian artery
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| Which vein drains the ovaries? | Ovarian veins
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| Which type of epithelium forms the outer surface of the ovaries? | Simple cuboidal
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| What is the dense connective tissue capsule of the ovary? | Tunica albuginea
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| What is found in the cortex of the ovary? | Ovarian follicles
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| What is found in the medulla of the ovary? | Connective tissue, vessels, nerves, lymphatics
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| What two different cells compose a follicle? | oocytes and follicular cells
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| How many follicles are found in the cortex? | 1.5 million
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| What is the most primitive follicle called? | Primordial follicle
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| What does a primordial follicle consist of? | Primary oocyte surrounded by flattened follicle cells
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| What do primordial follicles mature into? | Primary follicles
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| What does a primary follicle consist of? | Primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells--now called granulosa cells
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| Why do primary follicles secrete estrogen? | To stimulate the uterine lining
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| What do primary follicles mature into? | Secondary follicles
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| What do secondary follicles mature into? | Mature follicles
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| How many mature follicles form each month? | One
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| What type of oocyte do mature follicles contain? | Secondary oocytes
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| What happens to the oocyte at ovulation? | The oocyte is expelled
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| What does the remaining follicle become? | Corpus luteum
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| What does the corpus luteum secrete? | Estrogen and progesterone
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| What is the function of the hormones released by the corpus luteum? | Develop the uterus for implantation of a fertilized oocyte
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| What structure does the corpus luteum become when it regresses? | Corpus albicans
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| What initiates the process of puberty? | Release of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone
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| What organ releases GNRH? | Hypothalamus
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| What are the target cells of GNRH | Cells of the anterior pituitary
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| What hormones are released in response to GNRH? | LH and FSH
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| Where are the target cells of FSH and LH | Primordial follicles
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| How many days are in an ovarian cycle? | 28
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| What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle? | Follicular phase, ovulation phase, luteal phase
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| Which days of the cycle encompass the follicular phase? | Days 1-13
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| What effect do FSH and LH have on primordial follicles? | Stimulates them to become primary follicles
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| Why do the primary follicles release inhibit? | To stop further FSH release
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| Of the 20 (or less) primordial follicles that are stimulated to become primary follicles, how many will eventually become mature follicles? | One
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| Describe each of the two cells that are produced at the end of meiosis I: | One cell gets all the cytoplasm and develops. The other cell becomes a non functioning cell
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| What is th neon functioning cell called? | Polar body
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| On which day does the ovulation phase occur? | Day 14
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| What initiates the ovulation phase? | A peak in LH secretion
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| What occurs in the ovulation phase? | The release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle.
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| Do the ovaries alternate ovulation? | Yes
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| Which days of the cycle encompass the luteal phase? | Days 15-28
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| What occurs during the luteal phase? | The remaining follicular cells become the corpus luteum
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| What role does the corpus luteum assume? | Secretes estrogen and progesterone
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| What is the function of the uterine tubes? | Transport the oocyte to the uterus
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| What are the four sections of the uterine tube? | Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine part
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| Which section of the uterine tube contains the fimbriae? | Infundibulum
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| What is the function of the fimbriae? | Envelope the ovary at ovulation and pull the oocyte into the uterine tube
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| Which section of the uterine tube is usually the site of fertilization? | Ampulla
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| Which section of the uterine tube opens into the uterus | Uterine part
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| Describe the epithelium of the uterine tubes: | Simple columnar with cilia
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| What is the function of the cilia in the uterine tubes? | Pulls the oocyte into the tube and propels it to the uterus
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| What are the two methods by which the oocyte is moved along the uterine tubes to the uterus? | Cilia move it, peristalsis
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| What are the four regions of the uterus? | Fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
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| Which region forms the major part of the uterus? | Body
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| What type of tissue composes the body of the uterus? | Thich smooth muscle
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| Which section of the uterus connects to the vagina? | Cervix
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| What are the two openings of the cervical canal? | Internal os and external os
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| Describe the epithelium of the cervix | Stratsified squamous epithelium with mucin secreting walls
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| What is the function of the mucus plug produced in the cervix? | Creates a physical barrier to pathogens
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| What are the three tunics of the uterus? | Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
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| What is th eperimetrium continuous with? | Broad ligament
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| How many layers of smooth muscle are in the myometrium? | Three
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| What are the two layers of the endometrium? | Basal layer (stratum basale) and functional layer
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| Which layer of the endometrium changes with the ovarian cycle? | Functional layer
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| What stimulates the functional layer to develop? | Hormones
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| What are the three phases of the endometrial development? | Follicular phase, ovulation phase, luteal phase
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| The menstrual phase occurs on which days of the 28 day cycle? | Days 1-5
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| What occurs in the menstrual phase? | Sloughing of the functional layer of the endometrium
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| The proliferative phase occurs on which days of the 28 day cycle? | Days 6-14
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| What occurs in the proliferative phase? | Development of the new functional layer of the endometrium and follicle growth/estrogen secretion in the ovary
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| The secretory phase occurs on which days of the 28 day cycle? | Days 15-28
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| What happens during the secretory phase? | Development of the uterine glands
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| What happens to the functional layer of the endometrium if fertilization does not take place? | Progesterone levels drop and the functional layer will slough off
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